Economic theorizations in Quran

The economic theorizations in the holy Quran:
The holy Quran in the area of economy has rhetorical matters that economists have not paid attention to and performed them yet. Hence, these facts are called the economic scientific theorizations of the holy Quran negligently. Some of these cases were mentioned in the previous discussions, and now the most important ones will be referred:
1. The effect of spiritual affairs (faith, piety, and asking forgiveness) in the economic growth and the development:
وَ لَوْ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْقُرَى ءَامَنُواْ وَ اتَّقَوْاْ لَفَتَحْنَا عَلَيهِْم بَرَكَاتٍ مِّنَ السَّمَاءِ وَ الْأَرْضِ وَ لَكِن كَذَّبُواْ فَأَخَذْنَاهُم بِمَا كَانُواْ يَكْسِبُونَ
(Aʻrāf, verse 96): and if the people of the town had believed and done their duty, We would certainly have opened to them blessings from the heavens and the earth. But they denied, so we seized them because of what they had earned.
2. The presentation of economy without usury
يَأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ اتَّقُواْ اللَّهَ وَ ذَرُواْ مَا بَقِىَ مِنَ الرِّبَواْ إِن كُنتُم مُّؤْمِنِينَ
فَإِن لَّمْ تَفْعَلُواْ فَأْذَنُواْ بِحَرْبٍ مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَ رَسُولِهِ وَ إِن تُبْتُمْ فَلَكُمْ رُءُوسُ أَمْوَالِكُمْ لَا تَظْلِمُونَ وَ لَا تُظْلَمُونَ
(Baqarah, verses 278-279): O you who believe! Be wary of Allah, and relinquish what remains of usury, if you are believers* if you do not give up, then be informed of a war from Allah and his messenger. And if you repent, then you will have your principal, neither you deal unjustly (with others) and nor you will be dealt with unjustly.
3. The presentation of the infinity of economic sources and God’s blessings (the food security in the world)
وَ إِن مِّن شىَ‏ْءٍ إِلَّا عِندَنَا خَزَائنُهُ وَ مَا نُنزَِّلُهُ إِلَّا بِقَدَرٍ مَّعْلُومٍ
(Hijr, verse 21): there is not a thing but that its sources with us, and we do not send it down except in a known measure.
School and the distinct economical system inferred from the holy Quran (according to the foundations, purposes, the principles and … economy in the holy Quran).
5. The presentation of food and pure earning against impurity:
The holy Quran has presented the dirty food and impure earning, and recognizes every illegal wealth impure.
يَأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ أَنفِقُواْ مِن طَيِّبَاتِ مَا كَسَبْتُمْ وَ مِمَّا أَخْرَجْنَا لَكُم مِّنَ الْأَرْضِ وَ لَا تَيَمَّمُواْ الْخَبِيثَ مِنْهُ تُنفِقُونَ وَ لَسْتُم بَِاخِذِيهِ إِلَّا أَن تُغْمِضُواْ فِيهِ وَ اعْلَمُواْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ غَنىِ‏ٌّ حَمِيدٌ
Baqarah, verse 267): "O you who believe! Spend of the good thing that you” have earned, and of what we bring forth for you from the earth, and do not aim to spend from that which is bad and worthless, whereas you would not take it yourselves, unless overlook it. And know that Allah is all-sufficient, al-laudable (praiseworthy).
يَأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ كُلُواْ مِن طَيِّبَاتِ مَا رَزَقْنَاكُمْ وَ اشْكُرُواْ لِلَّهِ إِن كُنتُمْ إِيَّاهُ تَعْبُدُونَ
(Baqarah, verse 172): O you who believe! Eat of the good (pure) things that we have provided you, and thank God, if it is him that you worship.
Result:
if these Quran scientific theories are accompanied with purposes, foundations, and Quranic economic principles, it will be changed and a new science will be born which provides the human’s prosperity in this world and after life economically in line with human’s perfection.
The economic miracle of the Quran:
Some contemporary economists have written some books about the economic miracle of the Quran in the fifteenth century and they have considered some meanings of economic miracle in the Quranic verses:
A. " The economic miracle of the holy Quran” by Dr.Rafiq Yunus Al-misri, published Teb Dar Al- qalam Damascus (2005 B.C);
Of course, perhaps it is possible to consider the roots of economic miracle of the holy Quran in Tantāvi sand Jouhari’s remarks in the Al-Javāhir interpretation which had claimed about the usury verse and its corresponding to the changes of the international war.
Although Ṭanṭāvi has not clearly expressed the economic miracle, but his example has worth reflecting.
The approaches of the Quran economic miracle:
About Quran economic miracle, three approaches can be imagined:
The first:
No one had expressed the economic news before the holy Quran and after the descent of the holy Quran; Its truth has been discovered, and it is considered as the economic secret.
The second:
The deductions of economic system of the holy Quran have proved its superiority over similar systems, and human's inability of presenting a book like the Quran.
The third:
The miracle role of the holy Quran in the economic change of the society in the early Islamic period happened in a short period by maintaining the Quran economic rules. Therefore, the humankind economic schools do not include such effect.
Usually, those who have expressed the economic miracle of the Quran have dealt with the first approach.
For example, Doctor UsāmAh Al-sayyid Abd Al-sāmʻi defines the economic miracle of the holy Quran in this manner:
The presentation of comprehensive economic approach combines the path of balance between the interests of the world and the Hereafter for individuals and society and inability of humans to present a similar approach over time.
Some claims in the Quran economic miracle:
1) Doctor RafiqYunus Al-Misri about the economic miracle of the Quran has considered following meanings:
2) The economical problem (Al -ʻimrān, verse 14: Beautified the love of desires) ;
3) The economic growth of human ("Nisā, verse 5: and do not give the feeble-minded your property…);
4) Magnifying benefit"(Anʻām, verse 152: and do not approach the orphan's property…);
5) The policy of loss diminution (“Kahf (cave) verse 71: when they boarded the boat, he made a hole in it…) ;
6) The patience theory in the growth theories (ASR, verse 3: and enjoin one another to patience…);
7) The advantage theories (the sanction of usury) " (Baqarah, verse 275: … and forbidden usury …)";
8) The defective exchange: "(Baqarah, 279: … then you will have your principal…)";
9) According to a period of time: "(Insān,verse 27: surely they love the transitory life and disregarded a weighty day before them ;"(
10) Granting the alms (Zakāt) about consumption cases and employers: "(Tubih,verse 60: verily, alms (charities) are only for the poor and the needy and those employed to collect them)" ;
11) The effect of fixed and variable factors in economical result "(Ra'ʻd(thunder),verse 4: … they are watered (irrigated) with the same water and we give some of them an advantage over others in flavor, ;"(…
12) The increasing advantages: "(Aʻrāf, verse 58: and the good land, its vegetation (yields) comes out by the permission of its Lord;"(…
13) The relative advantages: "(Fuṣṣilat, verse 10: … and made therein its food;"(…
14) The distribution of dangers: "(Yusuf, verse 67: …do not enter by one gate;"(…
15) Wealth distribution among people: (Hashr, verse 7: … so that they do not circulate among the rich among you;"(…
16) Spreading different kinds of corruptions on the earth: "(Rome, verse 41: corruption has been spread in the land and the sea;"(…
17) The principles and hints of calculation science in the holy Quran.
18) Doctor Usamah Al-sayyid Abd Al-sāmiʻi has accepted some mentioned cases (alms, the sanction of usury, etc…), but he has added some other meanings to some cases like alms (zakāt). Some of them include:
19) Istikhlāf of property and Quran economic miracle;
20) The attribution of the kind of property in alms and its Nāsāb;
21) The economic miracle in alms (zakāt);
22) The economic miracle to encourage taking profit and the prohibition of the accumulation of treasure;
23) The economic miracle about recommending to alms (zakāt) and the prohibition of extravagance;
24) The economic miracle about the definition of charity and alms.
In addition, Dr. Usamah has added some other cases of economic miracle:
25) The means of donation and their economic miracle;
26) The observance of justice in donation;
27) The economic security in donation;
28) The balance in relationship between buyer and seller;
29)The prohibition of encroachment on other people's property by robbery…;
30) Fulfilment of treaties, contracts, and promises;
31) Writing and attesting of property at the time of taking and giving;
32) The difference in sustenance;
33) The love of property and its effect on economic growth;
34) The economic benediction in the holy Quran;
35) Alimentary (nutritious) schedule in Yusuf’s (God bless him) story, a comparative example about the Quran economic miracle;
36) The economic program of Jethro, an example of economic miracles of the holy Quran.
Investigation:
The presentation of the discussion of the Quran economic miracle is a new and praiseworthy topic, and there are many interesting and considerable points in such books. But some meanings of economical miracles that have been claimed can be criticized and analyzed as interpretatively and economically.
The economic interpretation of the holy Quran:
Although in some interpretations of the Quran (especially the religious interpretations), the explanation of the economic verses of the Quran has been done , presently, some single writings have been presented. But a blank space for the complete economic interpretation has been left. We refer to the meanings of economic interpretation and its necessities to provide more research for addressees .
Approaches:
The economic interpretation of the holy Quran can be done in three categories. The economic interpretation can be different based on each category.
1) The explanation of the Quran economic verses (about 900 verses have been stated) will be done as sequential interpretation;
2) The deduction of the education and the economic system of the holy Quran (according to the purposes, the foundations, the principles, etc…) will be done as the topical interpretation;
3) The economic attitude to the Quranic verses can be observed in all of the verses. The economic outputs are considered about each verse, and even the verses that are not economic apparently can be in the area of the economic interpretation.
Example:
)"Baqara, verse3): those who believe the unseen (Al Ghaib…)"
If someone considers the effect of faith to the unseen on the revenue of a factory (that the faithful workers are careful about working time, do not steal and work better), he/she will find that the profit of this factory is more than factories that do not follow this method. This matter indicates the effect of faith to the unseen in the economy, and the verses are considered as economic verses whereas apparently verses are related to beliefs.
METHODOLOGY:
a. Sequential or topical (the topical interpretation inside the Quran or outside the Quran(, ;
b. The comparative, mid-field, and single- field;
c. Based on which method of scientific interpretation (drawing out, imposition, applying, theorization;(
d. Based on which triad approaches (mentioned in part A).
Criterions and rules:
a. The special rules of the Quran economic interpretation (in addition to the general rules of the Quran interpretation);
b. Compulsory rule (the comparison of Quranic rules over time);
c. Signature or discovery.
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE QURAN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION:
1) The presence of the economic verses in the holy Quran;
2) Clarifying, introducing and demonstrating realities about the Quran economic news;
a. Pathology (going to extremes, the imposition of theories,)
b. Some examples about the interpretation of the economic verses (such as: the usury verse, selling…)
The economic topics of the holy Quran for research:
1) The relationship between saying (Hadith) and economy;
2) Inheritance;
3) Extravagance and prodigality;
4) Donation;
5) Booty;
6) KHums (One-fifth);
7) Usury;
8) Sustenance;
9) Alms (Zakāt;(
10) Asceticism and contentment;
11) Charity;
12) The economic justice;
13) The economic contacts;
14) Poverty and wealth;
15) Vocation;
16) Treasure;
17) Property and wealth;
18) Ownership;
19) The economic corruptions;
20) Testament;
21) The economic ethics, value points and their effect on economy;
22) Anthropology and economy;
23) The purposes of economy in the holy Quran;
24) Commerce;
25) The economic analyses in the holy Quran (economics);
26) Distribution (before and after production and redistribution);
27) Development;
28) Production (investment and occupation);
29) Quran and economy (generalities, position, methods, and an explanation about economy in the Quran);
30) Environment;
31) Consumption;
32) The motivation system (the motivation of production, distribution, consumption, etc…);
33) Cosmology and economy.