How atomic bomb became universal?

Japan was the only country in the world which was under atomic bombing by America. Since 1945 America was then alone possessor of the nuclear weapons and turned into the most powerful military power in the world. Many scientists and politicians believed that the science of nuclear power is a danger to peace and there must be an international control for its production and use. "Henry Stimson" war administer of America writes a note to "Harry Truman", the new president, while retiring on September 1945:
"Nuclear bomb has had an effective role in political status of the world…apparently influence of Russia has been reduced…and the Soviet leaders have found a tense temptation to make such weapons… this issue will definitely cause a hidden disappointing weapon competition…whatever is vital for human civilization and the world is ensuring that when Russian achieve nuclear weapons, they become as peace fan countries...relations between America and the Soviet Union to solve the problem of bomb that we have with the Soviet ahead may be difficult for us and lead to darken. Now if we cannot agree with them on this issue, certainly with the show off that we do with this weapon, their suspicion and lack of trust toward our intentions and motivations will be increased. "
At the end of the World War II, the Western Allies and the Soviet enmity has worsened. Both sides have allies with them and spent a huge cost for weapons.
By the year 1949 Soviet completed its atomic bomb and exploded it successfully. To 1953 CE Russians were not only equal with the Americans in nuclear information but were equal in production of the latest nuclear weapon. If any of the sides used nuclear bomb could end the Korean War, but it could have a great destruction. A new relationship between the two superpowers was necessary to prevent the use of nuclear weapons. Finally, the Soviet Union and America apparently revised in their policy because they knew they both needed peace. After the death of "Stalin" in 1953 CE, His successor "Nikta Khrushchev" offered a new policy for peaceful coexistence. He wanted to trade with the West. Khrushchev was confident that peaceful competition can prove which of the two is a better system, the democratic system of Western or socialist system of Soviet Union.
"Eisenhower" even suggested mapping in order to gain information about the place of military bases in both sides of iron curtain so that the possibility of war occurrence be reduced, but Russians did not accept it.
Other industrialized countries were also accelerating in their nuclear research program, although they did not have needed money and skilled manpower for competition with Soviet and America.
British worked with America during the war to build first atomic bomb. In peacetime they usually disagree on the policy, and England built its own atomic bomb in 1952 CE.
France detonated its first nuclear bomb in 1960 CE in the desert.
The bombs were built by advanced industrial countries which thought that having the bombs is important politically and from the militarily aspect.
Some countries that were able to build nuclear weapons decided not to do so. For example, Canada, Sweden and Australia all could build atomic bombs, but they used their nuclear researches for peaceful purposes. Israel also made a nuclear facility with the help of America and other industrial countries. In the year 1964 CE, China exploded an atomic bomb. China has adequate sources to make nuclear bombs. India also had its first underground nuclear explosion in 1974 CE.
Hydrogen bomb
Nuclear research after a while led to making powerful hydrogen bomb. The force of the explosion is made by closeness of two hydrogen nuclei to each other. The bomb creates a lot of heat by explosion. Hydrogen bombs have atomic trigger which are inside the bomb, and this type of compound weapons which are dependent on huge heat, are named thermal nuclear bombs.
America's first hydrogen bomb was blown up in 1952 CE. Two of the nine scientists of public consultation Commission in 1950 CE, reported the America's government as follows:
"The truth is that as there is no boundaries for the destructions caused by these weapons, making it and its existence is dangerous for humanity in general. Of any view that we take a look at these weapons they are evil weapon. Therefore, we believe that this is a critical matter which the president of America should tell people and the world that morally producing such weapon is incorrect."
Following the explosion which occurred in the year 1952 CE, the Soviet Union did it in 1953 CE, and during the next years, Britain, France and China also carried out some actions and experiments with hydrogen bomb in this regard. The tests were usually done in places without the inhabitants and in the depths of the earth and in the upper atmosphere. But despite this, resulted rains of these experiments led to increase of the radioactive radiation level in the plants and animals life. Of course, thermal nuclear tests are done carefully, but we do not know exactly where radioactive will land. America detonated its Hydrogen bombs in the Pacific ocean in 1954 CE. Radioactive rain covered an area more than previously expected precipitation.
Atomic bomb and the early years of the Cold War
After the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty, the Soviet Union created the Warsaw Pact against it with all the former Communist Eastern Europe countries. By getting the army of two superpowers close to iron curtain, the situation worsened, and Western Germany's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty worsened the crisis more than ever.
In 1956 CE, Anti-Soviet uprising in Hungary and Poland began, and the Soviet army restored order by his presence, "John Foster Dulles", "Secretary of State of America" who also had a major role in the coup of August 28, in 1953 CE, had said about Communist countries and its people:
" we will never see the color of peace as long as communist Soviet has taken one-third of all nations under the yoke of his own and always tries to penetrate in other countries. These people who are in slavery are the ones who deserve freedom, and if we even just look at the matter from our selfish sight, they deserve liberty because if they are now slavery device, once again a day will come when they unite and do things that are dangerous both for us and for the free world. "
In 1960 CE, America's spy planes flew away flew over Soviet territory. Americans denied such flights, but the Russians shot down one of the aircraft and jailed its pilot for spying on Soviet territory. In the 1960s thousands of East German people fled to wealthy parts of West Berlin and eventually to West Germany. Most of these workers were skilled professionals, and East German's industry experienced a recession in their absence. That is why in 1961 CE, East Germany built the long Berlin Wall through Berlin and to protected them intensely. Anyone who wanted to escape from the Wall to West Berlin was shot by the guards.
Another issue was Cuba's crisis in 1959 CE, which was launched by the young revolutionary Fidel Castro. The new Cuba's government had good relations and close cooperation with the Soviet Union. America was constantly thinking about the invasion to Cuba to overthrow Castro and was defeated each time. In the year 1962 CE, the Soviet helped Cuba by sending strong weapons and nuclear rockets, and America realized that presence of these weapons in Cuba will lead to breaking of defeat system of America and the North Atlantic Treaty, and a large part of America's territory will be destroyed by them. On 24th October 1962 CE, eighteen Russian ships moving to Cuba retreated with the decision of "Khrushchev" and returned home, and the parties entered into talks to resolve the crisis and the agreements were reached.
A part of a Khrushchev's letter about the Cuban missile to "Gondi" on 6th October 1962 CE is ss follows:
"Your missiles in Great Britain, Italy, and Turkey is targeted towards us. But you worry for Cuba .your attacking weapons have surrounded us than them. We agree that you bring those offensive weapons out of Cuba, and you should also bring your military facilities out of Turkey."
Peaceful coexistence
After resolving Cuban crisis and the Korean War and the Vietnam issue which lasted until 1972 CE, situation and relations between the two superpowers was recovered. The leaders of these countries were fully aware of the effects of nuclear war. It was years that they were testing nuclear weapons, and now they feared that other countries will possess such weapons, and thus the amount of radioactivity be increased in the atmosphere. Therefore, they decided to stop testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, outer and under the sea, and this was the first step toward controlling nuclear weapons. Until mid-1970s neither the Soviet Union nor America was not undisputed leader of East and West. Russia could no longer count on the loyalty of its Communist allies.