European dictatorship and the court Jews (2)

In European historiography the years 1660-1815 are called “dictatorship era”.
“Dictatorship” is a new phenomenon as a political order which occurred in Europe during the recent centuries. Before “dictatorship era”, more or less European rulers were restricted by the social institutions and traditional structures from one side and religious and common laws (Christian religious and ethical orders) from the other side. From the 16th century, European rulers tried to disintegrate these social institutions and change every one to the single individuals follower of the central government. In this period, people were not bound to the Christian ethics and rules as well, and for more than one and half century, a descent of despot rulers existed that nothing could limit them. This period is called “Enlightenment dictatorship”; Because the theoreticians of this new political order considered the increase is governmental wealth as the main task and purpose of the rulers, and “ Enlightenment dictatorship ” introduced himself as ‘ the first server for people and government. The public interests and citizen rights were regarded as a function for the fundamental principle of wealth increase. To express this revolution in the political structure of Europe is impossible without considering its links with the procedures of plundering beyond the seas which created the colonial emperors of Spain, Portugal, Holland, England and France during the 16th to 18th Christian centuries. In fact, the objective base of this new political structure of Europe and the materialistic foundation of “rulers’ despotism" is hidden in plundering beyond the seas and also creation of a new oligarchy for wealth.
This unprecedented accumulation of wealth in the hands of small and great European rulers called them for developing the scope of their authority and despotism. And following this change, the rulers and oligarchy of beyond the
seas felt no need for the “ law “ which in the traditional society of Europe it was Christian law, and they started an obstinate struggle for driving religion into the churches as well as shortening the hands of the claimants for the religious authority and particularly , Rome church.
In fact, the order of “Enlightenment dictatorship” was a system which was very ‘unethical’ and ‘without rule’ which made its new religion and ethics for earning money at any price.
The requirement for this ambitious moneymaking was investment for expanding beyond the seas, and for the central Europe rulers, the most cash ‘investment’ was the mass residents of their land. In this manner during the 17th and 18th centuries, the residents in central Europe governments were changed into ‘military servants’.
The central Europe rulers started a new vocation generally from the 17th Christian century: enslaving their citizens, training them as ‘military slaves' and also hiring or sale of these small armies, in general, to the Dutch and English colonizers. In the persistence of this process, we find the present Germany in the 18th century as the place for tens of native despot rulers that the most important way for procuring their wealth was selling their residents as ‘soldier’ to the Dutch and English people for participating in the colonizing wars. Due to the importance of this participation and its abundant and easy profit, to the end of the 19th century, German oligarchy took no steps for taking possession of its private colonization, because did not need it at all. Much of the Dutch and English colonization in Asia, Africa and USA obtained by the same ‘German slaves’.
The foundations of military morale in German people shall be sought in this history as well. Mark Blokh writes: We shall not forget that using these military slaves was a very common tradition in a century ago. The Jews contractors were in charge of gathering, equipping, training and finally sale (or hiring) these ‘military slaves’. In the 9th and 10th Christian centuries, some benevolent priests such as Agobar Leone and Adalbert Prague complained about the limited sale of Christian children by the rulers at south and center of Europe. Then, in the 17th century, all the common and poor residents in central and southern Europe were ‘slave’. In this manner, in contrast to the official propagandist historiography claim of the West, the new capitalism order was created not from “ Liberalism “, but from modern European dictatorship and it was the outcome of union between ‘government ‘ and ‘Jewish people’. From within this concentrated, oppressor and plunderer political order, the mammonist class appeared that in the 19th century it was created to the modern bourgeoisie of the western world. The obvious result for the process of bond between European rulers and the Jews is the final dominance of Jewish mammonism on the western world and this matter is not extraordinary. In the second half of the 19th century, Alexander Will, French thinker considered the bond between ‘bourgeoisie government and ‘Jewishness’ with bitterness and wrote: only one power exists in Europe and that is [Baron James] Rothschild. Tens of subordinate institutes exist around him. The whole respectful businessmen and traders are his soldiers and officers and his sword is playing with promissory notes. Rothschild is an effect that should have been created, and in case that he was not, someone else became ‘Rothschild’. Rothschild is not an accidental creature at all, but he is the first rule-based effect of the European governments that [he himself] conducted them as of 1813. Rothschild needed the governments in order to be created and governments in turn need Rothschild as well. Now no longer he needs the governments, but still they need him.
At that time, Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay (1808-1859) the English colonial thinker wrote: In fact, the Jews are not outside the political power [England and Europe]. Political power is in their hand and from the time that they were permitted to save great wealth, they became owner of the political power as well. In the present civilized society, what power is greater than the creditor’s power on the debtor? If we take this power from the Jews, in reality we have deprived them of their ownership security. And if we put this power in their hand, we have conferred them a power which is more despotic than each king and government...the Jews can govern money market and the money market governs the world... if our duty as a Christian to be removal of political power from the Jews... for its materialization, the only real way for depriving them of the political power is the same work that our ancestors did: killing, prisoning and plundering them. We said that ‘ enlightenment dictatorship era ‘ was created as a result of the ‘secularization’ process; it means that the European rulers neglected the ethical and religious fundamentals of Christ and Christianity rules, and following it authoritarian and anarchy increased. This is a complex and lengthy procedure which was represented objectively during the fight of the rulers and church. The conspiracies and wars of the Medici dynasty against the church which at the beginning of the 16th century caused to dominate this dynasty on the Roman church, is only one of the latest events occurred in the history and it is an error if we regard “Renaissance” as the theoretical origin of this process. Renaissance was the effect of this process and was created by it. This fight had been started in the history from long ago. Formerly, we said about conspiracy of Roger II, Sicily king, and Pietro Pier leone against Christian and Pope Inosen II. Another significant example is the struggle of Fredrick II, Hohenstaufen Sicily king (1198-1250) and emperor of ‘Holy Rome’. Fredrick II was one of the officers in ‘ Crusade war ‘ and since Roger II was an enemy of the church, he wrote an atheist paper , or someone else wrote it for him which was called “ About three imposters, Moses, Christ and Mohammad “. Fredrick II was a powerful, despotic and sensualist king. No sign of Christian belief is inserted on his coins; he past most of his time with his beloved ones and he had an illegitimate child. His enemies convicted him of having harem (women’s apartment) and Pope Gregory IV called him pederast. Will Durant in a sympathetic description from Fredrick II writes: Fredrick II explained for defense from himself that he had hired all the white and black women and adolescences who have had skill in singing, dancing, acrobat, or other recreations which were traditionally prevalent in the kings’ courts... sometimes during the trip, a group of the slaves moved in back of the emperor whereas they had closed several leopards, caracals, lion, panther, ape, and bear to the chains. During the banquet, nice women encircled him and ‘the poets composed lyrics regarding his magnificence and favor of those beautiful women.’ Fredrick II was also very interested in astrology and alchemy. This despotic and debaucher king had a close relationship with the Jewish oligarchy and called the Jewish translators and Khakhams to his court. Jacob Anatoli is the most influential one. Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Samson Anatoli (Jacob Anatoli) was the physician and translator at Fredrick II’s court. He went to Naple in 1231, entered into Fredrick II’s court, became his special physician and together with Mitchel Scott translated Islamic sciences from Arabic to Latin. From his translations we can refer to Ibn Rushd works, Aristotle’s Logic and Alforghani’s Astrology Fundamentals. Jacob was not a simple physician or translator; he was a powerful and influential courtier and had extensive economic activity. He founded a great complex of silk-weaving workshops which the Jews directed it and its income belonged to Fredrick and Jewish investors. Jacob was one of the relatives of Ibn Tibbon dynasty and he married Shamuil ibn Tibbon‘s daughter. Ibn Tibbon dynasty were the Jews which resided in Gharnata (Andoles). Yahuda ben Shaoul ben Tibbon (1120-1190) migrated to lonely city South of France and made practice in physician and translation of Arabic books. His son and grandchild, Shamuil ibn Tibbon (1160-1230) and Moses ben Shamuil ibn Tibbon (the 13th Christian century became the famous physicians and translators in south Europe. They translated many philosophical and scientific works of Islam world including the books of Al- Farabi and Aristotle from Arabic to Hebrew and Latin. At least for four descents the members of this dynasty were famous translators of Islamic sciences. Ibn Tibbon dynasty or Jacob Anatoli are not the only translators at Europe courts during the 12th and 13th centuries. The beginning of ‘ translation movement ‘ in Europe is the 12th century which is one of the important factors for creation of new culture in the West; and it is started with the group migration of the Jewish families from Islamic Andoles toward southern France and northern Italy and also translation of Islamic sciences by them. In this manner the Jews were the most important medium for transferring knowledge of Islamic lands to Europe continent. The historians of Jerusalem Hebrew University write : the Jewish members of aristocratic and educated dynasties who migrated from Islamic Spain [ to Christian Europe] were in charge of important jobs at the ruling courts as the financial agents, physician, consultant and translator of philosophical works from Green and Arabic languages to the western languages. In this manner from 1130 to 1150 Christian year, the West became familiar with philosophical thought through translation of Avicenna works from Arabic to Latin. Aristotle‘s works were translated later than them during the second half of the 12th century and first half of the 13th century mostly from Arabic and several ones from Greek to Latin. The works of Al Kindi and Al- Farabi were translated to Latin a while after Avicenna works and ibn Rushd works were translated later. In this time, the church had determined some limitations for the religious students of theological school concerning Aristotle’s works. For example, studying Aristotle’s metaphysics and nature sciences had been forbidden in Paris, but his Logic and Ethics were not forbidden. Translation of Avicenna‘s theology was published in 1495 very nice for the first time. Translation of Arabic texts were not limited to philosophy solely. Various books were translated to Latin in different fields such as sciences from medicine to mathematics and astrology, like ‘Elahieh’ by Jaber ben Aflan. The works of Hypocrite, father of medicine in the ancient Greek was translated to Latin by the Jews based on its Arabic translation. As of the decade 1660, it means just from the same time that in the west historiography , the beginning of ‘enlightened despots era ‘ is recorded, we find a firm relationship between the Jewish Mammonists and Habsburg imperial dynasty : Leopold I, emperor of ‘ Holy Rome’ (1658-1705), King Bohm (1656-1705) and Hungary king (1655-1705) had a firm link with the Jewish Mammonist and two famous the Jewish moneychangers called Samuel Oppenheimer and Samsun Vortimez were his financial agents. Samuel Oppenheimer (1630-1703) was contractor for services and supplies in Habsburg emperor army as of 1672 and then he became general financial agent in the court. In 1679, following the war with France, Vienna government made a debt of 200 thousands Florence to Oppenheimer. During the war of Austria with Ottoman (1682), he alone procured the services and supplies in the Leopold army. Oppenheimer performed his operations by a vast network of Jewish contractors and brokers which were throughout the central and Eastern Europe. He provided Potassium (for making gunpowder), fodder, wheat and required horses through Polish Jews who were the most important source for providing the services for European armies. In 1694, the debt of Vienna government to him amounted to 3 million Florence. After the death of Samuel Oppenheimer, Habsburg government confronted a financial crisis. Emanuel Oppenheimer, his inheritor claimed for 6 million Florence as creditor, and finally
Vienna government paid 4 million Florence to him. Samuel Oppenheimer is one of the most famous Jewish Mammonists in the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century. His contemporaries called him “Jewish casear”.
Sombart quotes from a contemporary writer: “In 1690, Jewish Oppenheimer had been known among the traders and bankers not only in Europe, but throughout the world. “ We will talk about Oppenheimer family later. Only here we add that this family has been one of the significant members of contemporary oligarchy to the present. Samsun Vortimez (1658-1724) was born in a Jewish family residing at Germany and he became relative with the above said family via marriage with the widow of Natan Oppenheimer. Samuel Oppenheimer took him to Vienna, employed him as the director of his brokerage in Vienna, and introduced him to the emperor Leopold I. Vortimez attended as financial agent in Vienna court as of 1684. During 1694-1709 he was the richest Jew in central Europe. Samsun Vortimez was chief director for financial affairs of Leopold I, Joseph I, Carl VI, the emperors of ‘Holy Rome’. During the war with Ottoman, he put enormous amounts at the disposal of Vienna. He was also in charge of financial affairs for the native Saxon rulers, Mines, Trear, and Palatinit (Bavaria) as well. Leopold I trusted Vortimez very much and he was sent to secret diplomatic missions. During the marriage of Prince Carl Philip, the emperor’s brother with Polish king’s daughter, he was succeeded to receive one million Florence from Poland. In gratitude for this service, Leopold offered one thousand Dakota gold and his photograph to him. The presented photographs of Polish king and 3 other princes have been obtained in the deeds of Samsun Vortimez as well. After the death of Samuel Oppenheimer, he was elected in place of him as chief director for financial affairs at Habsburg court. Vortimez house was supported by the emperor’s military guard. He also, like Oppenheimer was called “Jewish casear”.
Samsun Vortimez’s son called Wolf Vortimez was one of the 1st rank agents in Marie Therese court. The influence of this dynasty continued in the 19th century as well. In 1868, Joseph Ritter Fan Vortimez (1887-1800) was awarded the aristocratic title of the Austria court. The ruling periods of Marie Therese, Empress of “Holy Rome” and Austrian queen and also Bohm as well as Hungary (1740-1780) are the turning point in the joining of the Jews and rulers at central Europe. Marie Therese is Carl VI’s daughter which we have talked about her relationship with the Jewish mammonists. Her husband and children had a strong link with the Jewish mammonists. After marriage of Marie Therese with Frantz Stephen (1736), the title of ‘Jerusalam king ‘was also added to the titles of Habsburg kings. A little while later, with the effort of Marie Therese, her husband with the name of Frantz I became emperor of “Holy Rome” (1745-1765). One of their children is Marie Antoinette (1755-1793); the same queen which was killed during the French Revolution by her husband, Louis XVI. The ruling branch of Habsburg dynasty from the descent of Marie Therese and Frantz I (Duke Lorne) is called Habsburg – Lorne dynasty. During the period of Marie Therese, Wolf Vortimez, Samsun Vortimez’s son and members of Schlezinger dynasty attended at Habsburg court such as previously. In addition to them, we shall refer to Baron Diego D’aguilar, Israel Fan Heinsberg and Baron Joseph Fan Sunfles, as the most influential court Jews at that time. D’aguilar dynasty is one of the members of Jewish/Maranoy oligarchy at Aguilar city of Spain that once it was considered as one of the important centers for Castile Jewish residents. Diego D’aguilar (1699-1759) was Marano, and his Christian name is founder of Lopez Pereira. His father had monopoly of tobacco trade at Portugal. Diego Aguilar migrated to London and in 1722 he migrated to Vienna. In Vienna, he monopolized tobacco trade against paying 7 million Florence per year. In 1726, the aristocratic title of ‘Baron’ was given to him and a little time later he became member of “Imperial Consultants Council “. He paid enormous loans to Austrian court: For example, in 1732 he loaned 10 million Florence to Austria court and 300 thousands Florence to Marie Therese herself. Two years before death Baron D’aguilar returned to London. Efraim Lopez Pereira (1739-1802), Baron D’aguilar II is his great son. The second son of Diego D’aguilar called Joseph (death 1774) became “Christian”. He joined British army and founded
D’aguilar military family. His son called.... Sir George Charles D’aguilar (1784-1855) was one of the officers in the army of Eastern India Company. His son, major general Sir George Charles D’aguilar (1784-1855) was one of the officers in the army of Eastern India Company. He participated in various wars. He went to Sicily, Spain and China in his military missions and was made major general. He was one of the commanders of England army in the 1st war of Trial war with China (1841-1842). George D’aguilar’s son called major general Sir Charles Laurence D’aguilar (1821-1912) was secretary for commander of English army in China during the years 1843-1848. He participated in Crimean War and in toppling Indian Revolution of 1857. He was made major general as well. Another member of this family, Benjamin D’aguilar was one of the agents of Eastern India Company at Calcutta during the second half of the 18th century. One of the ladies of this family, Gris D’aguilar (1816-1847) was is the author of poems, novels and various books in the field of Maranos’ history and Spain Jews. Nevertheless, and despite presence of a major group of the court Jews around Habsburg family, Baron Joseph Fan Sones (1732-1817) has been known as the most influential Jew at Marie Therese court. Marie Therese, her husband and first son, Joseph II were severely under the influence of Sones’ economic views and by his recommendation, Marie Therese engaged in the policy of ‘free trade’ and permitted the Jews to migrate into their land massively. Sones is son of a Jew called Haim Lipman Perlin. In the beginning of the 18th century, Haim was hired by the local aristocrats of Moravia as supervisor. At that time he became catholic Christian, although his wife remained Jew officially. Then Haim located at Vienna; he taught eastern languages at the University of this City and became translator for Marie Therese court. In 1746 he went to Habsburg court as “Shahsavar” aristocrat and was called Alveis Fan Sones. Alveis Fan Sones was one of the influential authorities at Marie Therese court. After him, his son, Baron Joseph Fan Sones became consultant of Marie Therese and her sons, Joseph II and Leopold II. Joseph Sones is the most influential political man of Habsburg imperial in the 2nd half of the 18th century. He is one of the thinkers for the theory of “Enlightenment dictatorship” and “mercantilism” (Free trade) and author of about 150 books and theses. He was familiar with 9 languages. Baron Sones was chairman of Vienna University and Austria Sciences Academy in the beginning of the 19th century. Joseph II, emperor of “Holy Rome” and king of Bohm and Hunfary (1765-1790) was a despotic ruler like his mother, Marie Therese. He also is one of the individuals that the west historiography calls them “Enlightenment dictators”. The most important actions of Joseph that brought this title for him include making ways for the Jews settlement in Bohm, increasing their influence in the economy and policy of this land and his close friendship with the Jewish mammonists. The Jewish encyclopedia mentions that the policy of ‘benevolent dictatorship’ by Joseph II is under the influence of Baron Sones.
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