How did Freemasonry appear?

After the fall of the Roman Empire many cities were destroyed or became small villages, but after a while in the second half of the eleventh century, gradually new Cities were created which were usually around a church or monastery. Security of the cities attracted villagers, and thus the urban population increased. Residents of these cities became wealthy by industry and trade and established unions for themselves such as the Union of Architects or "Masons" that built the core of cities which were churches. Most of the members of the Union of Architects were Jews who were involved in buildings. They formed groups by the aim of uniting together and help each other and to monopolize their career, and chose students who were taught in special place that later was known as Lodge *. Freemasons (architects Union) tried to keep the training secret and used password and signs for their identification and building techniques. They had their own degrees such as student and professor, and later "grand master" was added to the ranks when their group became wider. In the mid-fourteenth century they issued laws for their own, and equality, fraternity and liberty were the principles of their work. There are different opinions about the origin of Freemasonry. Some of Freemasonry people date back their originality to Adam and call all the prophets and Imams (PBUH) as Masons. Another group knows the time of Solomon as era of the origin of freemasonry, but most experts while rejecting this kind of fiction believe that the first Masonic sects arose between the owners of architecture profession and consider the era of construction of large buildings such as churches and palaces which is the years 900 to 1600 AD as era of development of these communities. By review of election results, we can conclude that architecture industry was the platform of Freemasonry growth. The industry had a good value compared to other industries in the middle Ages (middle Ages), and architects prevented the spread of their profession to use the attention of powerful men to the industry. They hid the secrets and techniques of architecture from others. By spread of Christianity and power of the Catholic Church, the people started to build churches and for this purpose they traveled throughout Europe, which the issue not only enhanced their credibility, but also led to the development of the class (profession). Freemasonries built makeshift homes in different places before starting to work, which were called lodge, and exchanged ideas in their homes. Since then, they have chosen the same name for holding meetings. In the late middle Ages, the industrial revolution began, and it gradually reduced the power of the Catholic Church, so architects and their trade organizations lost their power, but Freemasonry and their lodges remained and they turned to political and intellectual mode from trade mode. At this time most of the members of the loges were bourgeoisie, Protestants and Jews. Bourgeois were peasants who came to cities and adopted urban life and started business and production and distribution. Later, with the opening of trade routes, especially with the discovery of America, bourgeoisie become rich and the rivals of aristocracy, but as they did not have aristocratic upbringing and lineage, they did not have appropriate political, social and military prestige and character and dignity. Over time, other groups including writers, politicians and artists entered into the Masonic organization, and since the 17th century onwards, Masonic lodges became a place for ideological, political, artistic, literary and social discussions. Of the most important philosophers who were members of Masonic lodges are following people: Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) of the Jews in the Netherlands that was introduced as the greatest Jewish of the new era. 1. David Ricardo (1772-1823) English-born Jew who has offered the theory of Marxism values. 2. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was a French Jews who deny the holiness of God and accepted God without character of a creator. According to him, every religion is the changed form of its previous religion. 3. Levy-Bruhl (1857-1939) was a French Jewish sociologist who has rejected religious traditions with hypothesis of Olison. 4. Henri Bergson (1859-1921), Jewish philosopher who was the largest and the most influential pro-Jewish philosopher of Olison in the twentieth century. 5. Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) German-born Jew, American philosopher and author of the book "One made man" who addressed the students in 1967 at the conference of the University of Berlin, and encouraged them to taste free making love. 6. Raymond Aron (1983-1905), Jewish philosopher, social scientist and professor of theology at the Sorbonne in France. Of the aggregation of individuals who all belonged to the class of bourgeoisie a certain flow and a thought line rose up that had all the features of humanism. Freemasonries were involved in all the main political issues of Europe. At the beginning of the 17th century republic was established in England, and Cromwell became president. He arrested Charles King of England and killed him and as he had anti-Masonic ideas and goals, the Freemasonries started to act and toppled the republic regime by the generals Mong, English commander, who was Freemason and a member of the Lodge of Edinburgh, and they established monarchy once again. In 1717, four Masonic Lodges "goose", "crown", "apple tree", "Grape Jam" came together and created Great Lodge of London. Members of the lodges gathered together in pubs of the same name. France Freemasonry lodge was opened by the British Masonry in 1731 in Paris, while the French had Masonic lodges called "Grand Orient". New Freemasonry entered Germany in 1733, the Netherlands and Portugal in 1737, Denmark in 1745, Italy in 1763, Russia in 1771 and it came to Sweden in 1773, and then spread throughout Europe. Members of the organization, who in fact obeyed of the UK, were obliged to conceal their principles and practices, and give mankind the blessings of liberty, equality and fraternity. In 1733, the first organization of Freemasonry was created in America in Boston and later it was formed in Philadelphia and then in other cities. Publish of the first Journal of Freemasonry in America was done by Benjamin Franklin, the pioneer of Freemasonry in America. After him we must name George Washington, who personally founded a lodge in Virginia and became serious missionary of the organization. Simon Bolivar, who is known as the savior of Latin America, was a member of Lodge of America in London. He declared Venezuela's independence in 1816, and then, he extended Freemasonry lodges in Latin America. Freemasons led two revolutions in France and America in the 18th century. All the leaders of the French Revolution and even thought leaders of it such as Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, d'Alembert, Diderot and Condorcet were a member of the Lodge "Grand Orient" in Paris. Other revolutionary leaders like Danton, Mirabeau, Kamenur and Vigara are remarkable Freemasonry figures. America's Freemasons also result in victory of America's revolution. Every America's presidents since George Washington till now, except Kennedy, who was Catholic and was killed, were a member of Freemasonry lodges. In 1723, Anderson and Dezhagulyeh (de Gaulle?) drafted a Constitution for Freemasonry in France, which is still respected by Freemasons. Thus, the Freemasonry organization which was trade and practical turned into a political and theoretical organization, and since then, it has been used as a tool to advance the goals of Western countries. French Third Republic was established from 1870 to 1940. The republic was created by Freemasons after the demise of Napoleon's rule, and of 11 members of the government, Gabest, Kermyu, Jules Ferry, Jules Simon, Garnier and Ardoko were Freemasonry.
Freemasonry in the Middle East
Freemasonry came to Asia from Europe after 1730. The first lodge was established at the behest of the British government in Calcutta of India, and the English lodges branches were established in Iran, Egypt and Turkey. French Freemasons were also active and insisted on development and spread of Freemasonry lodges in the Middle East, and eventually, the mighty Ottoman Empire was destroyed in collaboration with England and French lodges, and many smaller centuries came into existence from it. In this study, we briefly analyze how was the influence of Freemasonry lodges in Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, and then we examine the influence of Freemasonry in Iran.
Freemasonry in Egypt under the guise of Rotary
Although Freemasonry lodges were closed in Egypt, Rotary clubs which their struggling and demands were consistent with Freemasonry, were revived in the country. The first Rotary Club was founded in Egypt in 1929, and it was placed in the region of Rotary International 195. One of the features of Cairo Rotary was that its members were from different nationalities and races. After the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat became the president of Egypt. As it is mentioned in Volume I of Masonic Encyclopedia, He is a member of the Masonic lodge "Mahfel al-akbar" in Egypt, and he had reached to the Grand Master level. On March 31, 1978, three months after the first official visit of Anwar Sadat to Israel, Al-Ahram newspaper wrote that the Middle East Rotary conference led by Anwar Sadat will start work in Alexandria. The same newspaper wrote on April 6, 1978, that it is scheduled for Abdul Navab Hadib, Governor of Alexandria, do the opening of Rotary's conference on behalf of Anwar Sadat, the head of Rotary, and representatives of Rotary clubs of Egypt, Sudan, Bahrain, Jordan and Lebanon will enter the of the conference and Mamdouh Salem, Prime Minister and representatives of International Rotary, will participate in the meeting. Rotary clubs are very active in Israel, and there is a special branch in every club, which its desire is spread of understanding between Arabs and Jews. In this regard, the Head of Educational and Scientific Relations of Israeli Foreign Ministry went to Egypt in 1981 to pave the way for Egypt and Israel Youth Exchange, finally, the first Israeli youth group composed of fifty students spent their summer holidays among the families of the Arab Egyptian, and also the same number of Egyptian students spent their summer holiday among Jewish families. A Rotary Club special just for women was alsos founded in Cairo, and Jihan Sadat, Anwar Sadat's wife, also received merit badge from primitive head of the region as Egypt's first lady and first lady of Rotary in District 195, in recognition of her services to Rotary ideals.
The Rotary Club endeavors even attracted some senior members of some religious, including Doctor Mohammad Foham, Sheikh of Al-azhar University. He took part in the session of Alexandria Rotary and spoke about the virtues of Islam. Rotary Club of Alexandria also considered presence of Sheikh Al-Azhar as pride and honor.