Linguistics and Quran

Introduction:

The science of linguistics has extended due to different conditions such as the increase of communications and the existence of studies among different majors surprisingly since a century and half a century, different branches have been established in it and it has left a high effect on social sciences such as history and theology. The familiarity of linguists with other languages, a part from their native language, along with gained advances in the areas of archeology, anthropology ,psychology and …have had the highest effect on the extension of area of linguistics. In others words, '' historical'', '' adaptable'' and '' mid-majors'' features in new linguistics are considered as the most important factors of its change.

Linguistics:

The definition of language and linguistics:
A language is a system of conventional signs. The systems of signs recognition may include a collection of colors, the signs of sounds, written signs and …there are the different systems of signs in the life and they are applied. The science of semiotics studies these systems of signs. Since language has special importance and high extension, it is studied as an independent science. Therefore, non-linguistics signs are studied in semiotics and a specific kind of signs, linguistics signs, are studied in linguistics.

Backgrounds:

Relationship between linguistics and semiotics from the aspect of the history of emerge and extension is the opposite of their logical relationship. Language is considered as a branch of signs; therefore, linguistics is considered as a part of semiotics. However, semiotics has been born and has extended in the lap of linguistics. The extension of linguistics has presented this idea in recent decades, it is possible to study about non-linguistics signs. Therefore, the grounds of the appearance of new science as semiotics were provided. Dususur, the Swiss well-known linguist, reminded the possibility of the existence of the science of semiotics for the first time.

The features of language:

Language is not a static event, but it forms in the society and the history and progresses. Language is a social case and its nature is historical. Language has very close relationship with other aspects of social life such as culture, knowledge and the religion. Language is an organic creature that includes different tools and instruments and it such as human has hands, feet, eyes, ears and…All of these members have cooperation with each other as a system and follow a specific purpose and performance. A language includes factorial, phonemic, grammatical, meaningful, rooted and … members and structures. All of these structures are not independent, but they are like the members of a body that act as a unit.
Language is not a static event that was formed in a specific era and did not change. This topic as the arrest or the expression of language has been discussed in literary old sources and the principles of jurisprudence. The followers of the idea of arrest believe that language has been founded by a maker and it is transferred to next generations in this way. The followers of the theory of expression consider it as a conventional event and it is dependent on the public convention of people and its developments. The fiction '' Yarab Bin Ghahtan'' represents the way of the interpretation of the old linguists of Arabic Language. According to this story, he is remembered as the maker of Arabic Language. In other sources, other makers such as Ismaeil are remembered and most of scholars believe that God enacted Arabic Language directly and other languages rooted from it.
Most of the rules of language in the science of grammar and syntax and other literary traditional sciences are based on the basis of fable and fiction. Although most of scholars have not remembered this story and have not expressed any ideas about it, unconsciously, they act in the position of the expression of rules and research in the area of research on the basis of such an imagination.
Language in linguistics has historical nature and it is born and grows up in the lap of the history. It has infancy, childhood, teenager, youth, adulthood, old and death stages. It may become even alive again and appears in the form of a new body. It may appear as a word in the meaning of the other word or generally, it loses its previous meaning and receives another meaning.
Linguistics is definitely an experimental knowledge and presents experimental documents for each claim. If this word was at first and then changed to that word, what documents showed that this happened and which region and era did it happen and what factors and activators made it happen? In each and every case, experimental, material and tangible documents should be presented. Linguistics does not know any abstract analyses about the events of language formally; therefore, it challenges against traditional literary sciences and sometimes, it presents a lot of detailed analyses about the process of the developments of a word and other topics of language and none of them have historical and experimental documents and are from the imaginations of scholars. The kind of these examples is studied in the book '' the brief explanation of Amsale''.
The introduction of the most important schools of linguistics:
New linguistics includes several schools during its existence not so long. In this part, some of the most important schools will be mentioned:
a. Structural linguistics: Dususur (1913 A.D) is considered as the founder of new linguistics and founded a new matter in the knowledge of studying language. His important work is the book '' lessons in general linguistics'' that Mr. Kurosh Safavi has translated it in Persian. He has structural attitude toward language. Susur is considered as the starter of structuralism differentiating between long and parol. Long is the organized aspect of language that exists before persons and persons follow it when speaking. Parol is the individual aspect of language that appears as remarks. In long level with parallel chains, we face to references and senses that have been made and extended on the basis of difference, but one of them is based on vocal differences and the other one is based on the differences of thought. According to such a thought, structuralists found themselves against rather fixed system and since speakers needed relationship and the transfer of conceptions, they kept the unity of meaning. Susur considered language as a general system that is different from external reality, but on the other hand, the two moving layers nature of language destroys this coherence.
b. The people of linguistics: Wisgerber (1985 A.D), the Germany well-known linguist, emphasizes on the necessity of cooperation between linguistics and anthropology specifically and he is considered as the founder of this school. He is influenced by Wilhalem Fin Humbolet (1835 A.D) that has done studies about the unity of language and thoughts. Wisberger believed that each language had its own point of view toward the world. The speakers of a language do not speak only with a language, but this language has specific point of view toward the world in its background. The point of view of persons speaking Persian or Arab and … is different toward the world, human, universe, God, death, woman and …and since the different kinds of knowing are different, languages are different as well. Difference among languages is not based on this foundation that way of pronunciation is different, but the basic difference of languages is rooted in the depth of the point of view of speakers toward the world. Wisgerber interprets this kind of point of view toward the world as the soul of language and considers language in a close relationship with the though, feeling and social life. He mentions four stages in the explanation of his theory and language is created and extended with passing through them: beyond the world (whatever exists); the soul of language (whatever is commonly felt); the system of meaning (whatever is commonly understood; the system of words (whatever is commonly said).
An example of difference in point of view toward the world in languages is
mentioned in order to clarify matters. The comparison of the word of wisdom with Greek translation'' Logos'' represents difference between the Arabic recognition of the world and the Greek recognition of the world clearly. The word '' wisdom'' is rooted from the word '' Aghal'' in Arabic Language and the word '' Aghal'' is a string of shaped circle as shackles that is tied to the legs of camels and it prevents camels from standing up and moving. Aghal is used in order to keep on heads and wisdom has a close relationship with this root in Arabic Language. Wisdom means the force of the control of desires that prevent from rebellious desires. Wisdom in Arabic Language is a completely moral event and it is considered as a means in order to control desires. Wisdom is used in this meaning in narrative and Quran applications. Maybe, wisdom is used in its philosophical meaning in none of traditional Arabic texts. But the word '' logos'' means discipline in Greek Language and wisdom means the force of organizer. Therefore, there is the word '' logy'' at the end of all sciences that come from word '' logos'' and it is used as the meaning of organize of science or event. Hence, a conception such as '' wisdom'' means differently due to the differences of the recognition of the world and the persons of each language present their own meanings related to it.
Important activities have been done in the area of the studies of Quran on the basis of Ben School. The most important personality of this school that has done very important studies of Quran on the basis of the theory of Wisberger is Toshihiko Izutsu and his recent works have been recognized in Iran and the world of Arab and have been translated and studied. His important works include '' religious moral conceptions in Quran'' and '' human and God in Quran''. Moreover, another important book '' creation and doomsday'' that has been written by his student, Shinia Makinu. In the people of linguistics, the content of Quran is understood in its historical, cultural, racial and social context; therefore, it is the opposite point of structural linguistics.
C. General linguistics: '' Novam Chomsky'', the American well-known linguist, is considered as the founder of this school and some persons such as Katez and Roduf are considered as the well-known of these schools. The school of general linguistics believes that language includes a unity nature and all of languages follow logic. Hence, this school is located against the school of Ben. Wisger tried to create completely specific boundary of culture and civilization among languages and to analyze languages independently. Consequently, there was not the possibility of the analysis of a language event without considering its language kind. In contrast, Novam Chomsky emphasizes that language is completely unit event and we should study general rules in order to access its unit logic. The theories and the foundation of Novam Chomsky have a lot of uses in the science of translation and the machine translators.
The theories of this school can have a lot of useful effects on the based rules of the translation of Quran and unfortunately, it has not been paid attention by the translators of Quran so far. One of important features of this school and structural linguistics is that Quran is studied without considering its Arabic Language and the racial and tribal aspects. This attitude is attractive for non-Arabic races and it results in the improvement of universal aspect of Quran and is useful.