Quran and education

The Humanities Sciences are so important presently. Hence, it can be said that the Natural Sciences are in service of human and the tool of human's authority in the nature, but the Humanities Sciences lead all human society and they are the tool of authority on human. Therefore, some people try to dominate other people utilizing the Humanities Sciences and leading them in their own desires and the Natural Sciences are a tool which the authorities of the Humanities Sciences lead and use them for the war and the annihilation of the colonization and the exploitation. And this is the opposite point of the Holy Quran which seeks the Humanities Sciences and the Natural Sciences for human’s prosperity and invites all people to the peace (“ and the peace is better” verse 128 of Nisā surah). Moreover, it accepts the war as a temporary demand to vanish the wickednesses and the impediments of the prosperity. Therefore, it can be inferred that the method of the Holy Quran is about purposes, foundations, new methods in the domain of the Humanities Sciences.
The Humanities Sciences are more related to the purpose of the Holy Quran (people guidance) and the Holy Quran has dealt with the topics and the problems of the Humanities Sciences.
The Conceptualism:
In the discussion of the science and the first chapter, extent matters about the science, its branches, the nature of science, and the scientific theories were stated and in the previous preface (Natural Sciences), the Humanities and the Natural sciences have been defined, so we avoid repeating them.
Moreover, it can be just referred that the Humanities Sciences include "Human and his / her behaviors” such as: education, economic, policy, management, psychology, sociology, and history which the holy Quran has mentioned all of them.
The differences between the Humanities Sciences and the Natural Sciences:
Since the recognition of the Humanities Sciences depends upon the recognition of the boundaries of the Humanities Sciences and the Natural Sciences, we will mention the most important differences.
Although the Humanities Sciences and the Natural Sciences are considered as the experimented sciences, there are a lot of differences among them.
The topic of Natural Sciences is the nature without will and choice, but in Humanities Sciences, human has option, choice, and intelligence.
The basic purpose of the Natural Sciences is to discover the Nature and relations among its phenomenon that can be prognosticated.
But the purpose of Humanities Sciences is to recognize the behaviors and Human’s relations that can be less prognosticated due to their will and choice:
Although the scientific theories and hypotheses are made by Human’s mind, but the theories and laws in the Natural Sciences can be examined by identical experiments and compared with external reality, so Human’s mind and relativity have less effect on them.
But the theories of the Humanities Sciences are more mental and can be less experienced and can be compared with identical reality because there is no special identicalness against the theories of Humanities Sciences or basically, it is not possible to experience a probability in a social environment. Hence, the relativity can have more effect on the Humanities Sciences.
For example, the theories of communistic and capitalist economy have been executed in America, Soviet, and China for ten years and they claimed that they were successful, but all of them had weak and strength points, and it was not possible to examine and to survey two mentioned economic theories in an identical and controlled environment. This subject matter is more revealed in the sociology theorizations and becomes more difficult in the history of theorizations.
Notification:
The mentioned points demonstrate that the scientific interpretation and the scientific miracle proved are more difficult in the Humanities Sciences domain because the oracular (divine) news of the holy Quran about a natural phenomenon that is comparable with the nature and the scientists’ discoveries confirm them.
However, in the Humanities Sciences domain, sometimes, there are many rivals’ working theories in one topic because of the scientists’ different theories in this area (like banking based on usury or without usury). Moreover, each one has true claim relatively, and there is a certain reason about its compatible with reality, so it is too hard to compare the oracular (divine) news of the holy Quran with the theories of Humanities Sciences. It can be said that the holy Quran expressed the oracular news and afterwards, it was discovered that it was compatible with the reality.
Of course, the problem is not within the domain of the oracular news of the holy Quran, but it is in the domain of the Humanities Sciences. At the most, it can be said that there are a lot of well- known and more working theories in one problem. In addition, it cannot be said a lot that a theory is certainly compatible with the reality and the truth.
The holy Quran and Education
Educational sciences are extensive knowledge that includes different scientific branches, topics, and many matters.
The purpose of the holy Quran is human education. Therefore, it has widely dealt with the educational discussion. Thus, the explanation of “the Quran discussion and education” requires several volumes of books which are not possible here. Hence, we are satisfied with the presentation of the list about mid-course matters of the Quran and education with reference to concepts and the mention of patterns and examples from the Quran. In the end, an example of educational interpretation of "Hamd surah" has been presented, but complete research is left to addressees.
Conceptualism:
The word of the education in etymology comes from “ Rebu” material and basically, it means growth. Of course, there is a probability that education comes from “Rbab” material. However, idiomatically, there are many different definitions for “education” such as
Fostering talents:
Encouraging, providing, fostering, and educating human's all talents, abilities and capabilities to achieve to the perfection and desired prosperity:
The process of helping person to form a gradual change in a period of time can happen in one of physical, mental, spiritual, and behavioural areas and as another human’s role, a person can flourish talents or prevent them and improve behavioural attributes. Different dimensions have been expressed for the education such as: physical, rational, moral, sexual, spiritual, political, social, economic, scientific, and etc…
REMINDINGS:
The education differs from ethics because the education is “a kind of change”, but the ethics is about values (virtues) and against values (rascality).
When the discussion is about the education, three purposes can be considered:
A) The educational sciences are special knowledge in comparison with human’s knowledge;
B) The system of the education includes: logical great framework, systematic method, foundations, principles, methods, stages and…;
C) The process of education, in general meaning, is effective and impressionable.
Of course, in the discussions (of the book), all of three cases can be considered and their relationship to Quran is surveyed.
The word “education” has not been mentioned in the Quran, but there are some of its derivations, for example parents’ duty related to training child:
وَ اخْفِضْ لَهُمَا جَنَاحَ الذُّلّ‏ِ مِنَ الرَّحْمَةِ وَ قُل رَّبّ‏ِ ارْحَمْهُمَا كَمَا رَبَّيَانىِ صَغِيرًا
(Asrā’, verse24): and lower the wing of humility to them, out of mercy, and say; my Lord! Have mercy on them, just as they reared me when I was a small child.”
And about Mosses training in pharaoh’s palace, says:
يَسْتَعْجِلُ بِهَا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِهَا وَ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ مُشْفِقُونَ مِنهَْا وَ يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّهَا الحَْقُّ أَلَا إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُمَارُونَ فىِ السَّاعَةِ لَفِى ضَلَالِ بَعِيدٍ
(Shūrā, verse18): (pharaoh) said (unto Moses): did we not rear you as a child among us, and did you not stay with us for years of your life''.
And God’s general applications to Joseph’s tutor (the kings of Egypt):
وَ رَاوَدَتْهُ الَّتىِ هُوَ فىِ بَيْتِهَا عَن نَّفْسِهِ وَ غَلَّقَتِ الْأَبْوَابَ وَ قَالَتْ هَيْتَ لَكَ قَالَ مَعَاذَ اللَّهِ إِنَّهُ رَبىّ‏ِ أَحْسَنَ مَثْوَاىَ إِنَّهُ لَا يُفْلِحُ الظَّالِمُونَ
(Yusuf 23): the woman in whose house he was solicited him. She closed the doors and said; come! He said (that) God forbid! Indeed, He is my Lord; who was treated me honorably. Indeed the wrongdoers are not felicitous''.
BACKGROUND:2
Although the educational discussions have been presented in the Quran interpretations and Islamic ethics books, the mid-course discussions of the Quran and the education, in their academic form, are new. In these fields, some books and articles have been written which each one has surveyed one aspect of this discussion, and the most important ones are mentioned:
1) The foundations of the education in the holy Quran:
The foundations (essentials) mean the principles and hypotheses that have been supposed before surveying every doubtless science because they have been proved in their situations.
In one division, the educational foundations of the holy Quran can be classified into three categories:
A) The foundations of the world:
1) The beginning of the world is God and the world is based on monotheism (Hadid(iron)), verse3):he is the first and the last, the Manifest and the Hidden, and he has knowledge of all things''.
2) The end of the world is God:
الَّذِينَ إِذَا أَصَابَتْهُم مُّصِيبَةٌ قَالُواْ إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَ إِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ
(Baqarah, verse156): Indeed we belong to Allah, and to him we are returning”
3) The world is mortal plaything
وَ يَبْقَى‏ وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو الجَْلَالِ وَ الْاكْرَامِ
فَبِأَىّ‏ِ ءَالَاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ
Al-Rahmān,verses 27, 28): whatever in the world is doomed to perdition yet lasting is the face of your Lord which then of the bounties of lord will you deny''?
اعْلَمُواْ أَنَّمَا الحَْيَوةُ الدُّنْيَا لَعِبٌ وَ لهَْوٌ وَ زِينَةٌ وَ تَفَاخُرُ بَيْنَكُمْ وَ تَكاَثُرٌ فىِ الْأَمْوَالِ وَ الْأَوْلَادِ كَمَثَلِ غَيْثٍ أَعجَْبَ الْكُفَّارَ نَبَاتُهُ ثمُ‏َّ يهَِيجُ فَترََئهُ مُصْفَرًّا ثمُ‏َّ يَكُونُ حُطَامًا وَ فىِ الاَْخِرَةِ عَذَابٌ شَدِيدٌ وَ مَغْفِرَةٌ مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَ رِضْوَانٌ وَ مَا الحَْيَوةُ الدُّنْيَا إِلَّا مَتَاعُ الْغُرُورِ
“(Hadīd (iron), verse 20): know that the life of this world is just play and gaiety and boasting among yourselves and covetousness for wealth and children like the rain whose vegetation impresses the farmer; then it withers and you see it turn yellow, then it becomes chaff, while In the Hereafter there is a sever punishment and forgiveness from Allah and His pleasure, and the life in this world is naught but means of deception.
Death is not the end of the life, but it is the beginning of the eternal life (real life).
وَ مَا هَاذِهِ الْحَيَوةُ الدُّنْيَا إِلَّا لَهْوٌ وَ لَعِبٌ وَ إِنَّ الدَّارَ الاَْخِرَةَ لَهِىَ الْحَيَوَانُ لَوْ كَانُواْ يَعْلَمُونَ
ʻAnkabūt(spider) ,verse64): what is the life of this world but amusement and play? But verily the home in the Hereafter is the real life, and they know.
In the Resurrection (day), all people will receive remuneration and punishment..5
فَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ
وَ مَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ
Zilzilah(earthquake) verses 7, 8): so he who has done an atom’s weight of good shall see it and he who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it.
In this world, apart from human's world, there are other worlds such as: the world of the angles and the Jinn that are beyond the human’s sense (Jinn surah, and…
7) The purpose of the world
....رَبَّنَامَاخَلَقْتَ هَاذَا بَاطِلا......
(Āli ʻImrān, verse191): Our Lord You have not created this in vain….
These foundations differ from materialistic point of view toward the world, change the human’s point of view toward the world and give education a new concept. In other words, the educator should understand these foundations to train a learner based on them. A learner that recognizes himself/herself from God moves to him and prepares himself/herself for the eternal world. He/she should know that his/her pinions and deeds are known in the God’s court, should establish connection with the invisible world (angles,…) and understand (that) whoever is under their surveillance.