The branches of linguistics and Quran

The branches of linguistics:
Linguistics has several branches; some of scientific branches are independent and each one has its own special application in the studies of Quran.
1. Phonetics: the science of phonetics deals with the material aspect of language and studies the way of producing voice with vocal organs of human. A science that is similar to it in the area of traditional sciences is '' Makharej Al-Asvat'' that has a lot of applications in the science of orthoepy. ''Makharej Al-Asvat'' in orthoepy has a clear difference with phonetics. The progress of sciences in most of areas such as physiology and anatomy provides a ground that phoneticians can determine the vents of alphabets exactly and scientifically. To describe each phoneme, they analyze them as specific features such as vocalic, release, anterior, blade and … their combination can create an intended phoneme. Vents in orthoepy are described limitedly and generally. Hence, phonetics can help to organize and to reconstruct the science of orthoepy and make the training of Quran easy, quick and exact.
2. Syntax: the science of syntax deals with the grammar of language. Syntax extracts the rules of the grammar of language, compiles it as a system and attempts to make it easy for us to learn the rules of this grammar. The science of syntax in linguistics is completely experimental and constantly changes whereas the Arabic syntax has not progressed for centuries and considers a system that Sibuye extracted from the book '' Al-Ketab'' about a thousand years ago valid and the Arabic syntax is based on it. The system of the Arabic syntax suffers from another serious problem apart from the record and the avoidance of development. Most of parts of this science that are not based on the experimental studies of language based on the abstract thoughts of the language have been made and compiled. The syntax of a system is organized and a real affair not valid. Syntax should be discovered and identified not made. The experts of syntax consider themselves discoverers not inventors. The grammar of each language is located in the inner of its structure; all of us have learned it from childhood unconsciously and speak according to it without knowing what to do exactly.
The division of verbs is considered as a prominent example of abstract attitude. Verbs in Farsi and English Languages are divided in three kinds, past, present and future tenses and the factor of time is the basis of division. Verbs in Arabic Language are divided in past, future and imperative verbs. Division that is applied in Arabic Language is unequal and inadaptable with the reality of language. Two first kinds of verbs are based on the basis of the factor of time and the division of imperative and non-imperative sentences is based on the content of news and compositions. The root of this fault is that the grammar of language is not as an organized system. Moreover, in most of cases, the verbs of past and future times are not used in their own time. For instance, the verb of past time refers to the certainty of the occurrence of an event out of time in most of its applications. The examples of these kinds of verbs are seen in Quran a lot and interpreters have tried a lot to justify it. In fact, the division of verbs on the basis of time is an unchangeable and inevitable affair and other divisions may be suggested in line with the structure of the grammar of Arabic Language.
Familiarity with syntax in new linguistics has resulted in the progress and the extension of the Arabic syntax and has had an important role in the translation of Quran because one of problems of translation is the appropriate identity and the analysis of the role of each word and the search of its exact equivalence in second language.
The other difference is in the presentation of quality and quantity norms. In traditional syntax, most of the roles of language are defined as a quality and it happens a lot that a word in a sentence has more than a role whereas roles in new syntax are completely defied as a quantity and there is little possibility of combination among them. For instance, a lot of these roles in the traditional syntax of Arabic Language are known as an object whereas there is no common similarity between some of them and other ones. These roles have been analyzed separately in new syntax. Some of them are considered as supplements and others as adverbs and each one is compiled and analyzed separately. The other instance is the role of mosul that does not have specific meanings in the roles of grammar whereas it is introduced as connectors among sentences in new syntax.
3. Pragmatism: the science of pragmatism deals with the application of language and its relationship with the different aspects of the life of human. For example, two different interpretations can be done about the following sentence:
'' The punishment of Hasan was inappropriate''. The word '' Hasan'' can be subject as well as object . Specifically, the science of pragmatism works on such cases. Of course, there are such cases in the language alot. The science of pragmatism can be in the analysis of similar verse and the similarity of most verses is not due to the complexity of meanings, but it is due to the existence of a specific structure that creates the possibility of understanding over a meaning. Pragmatism helps to solve these kinds of verbal problems with the analysis of inner and external context of text and the position of the location of the intended sentence.
4. Historical linguistics: it studies the historical process of the emergence of language and the process of its extension. Language is a dynamic event not static. Hence, its different structures may change during the history and a structure is replaced with another structure. The recognition of these developments has high effect and importance in the understanding of traditional texts.
For instance, we refer to '' y'' applied in order to attribute things. The cases of the application of this structure in Quran are less than the fingers of a hand. But nowadays it is highly used in Arabic Language. Hence, a clear difference is revealed and language has changed. The previous structure was not used, but it is highly used. The historical linguistics in this topic deals with this matter that if this structure had not existed, it would have definitely been needed. Hence, did Arabic people use another thing instead of it? The replacement of ''y'' that was used to attribute things was '' men bayanie'' Since this structure was not common, the possibility of using '' y'' in order to attribute things was not. The historical linguistics has a high effect in studying in the knowledge of fluency and an important role in the understanding and the interpretation of Quran. It is also effective in the area of the criticism of Hadith and the criticism of interpretations.
5. Etymology: the science of etymology deals with the recognition of the roots of words and their equivalence in traditional sciences of Arabic Literature is '' elam Al-Eshteghagh''. Etymology like other branches of linguistics is completely experimental and extracts the root of words on the basis of historical documents and analyses the process of their appearance and progress. In etymology, the process of the changes of the root of words is not followed in a language and their root is studied in other languages. Their equivalence is in the sciences of Quran Moarabat'' or in a new expression '' the words of other words''. Etymology has an effective role in the science of Quran and in the science of interpretation and it may change the science of interpretation completely. Specifically, it influences Quran and then leaves its effects on the area of interpretation. There are a lot of studies in the area of etymology of the words of Quran and unfortunately, some of them are translated in Farsi. The book '' the words of other languages'' by Artur Jafari is the most important source in this area and we can find other different sources related to this topic in it.
Difference between sense and reference or meaning was the pivot of the idea of Fergeh about meaning that had the most effect on others. In his opinion, the name of each object, such as star, adapts with reference whereas the meaning of each name is considered such as a star absolutely. Hence, he analyzed meaning in two elements and said '' a talk may include one of them; it may have meaning, but it does not have reference such as the current king of France.
Another course of studies that dealt with the matters of verbal application and language considered as a part of the behavior of human appeared. The basic question is '' what is relationship between meaning and application or relationship between the meanings of words and the purposes of a speaker from his remarks? ''
In relationship between language and the world, the philosophical logical thesis of Witgneshtain at the beginning of the twentieth century that designed the meaningful pictorial theory and expressed that sentences reflected real affairs is considered as a remarkable work.
Quine rejects difference between analytic and synthetic terms and says '' we should evaluate sentences in the whole system, the ideas of belief systems. He has behaviorist interpretation from language that has very close relationship with his experimentalism. He believes that we are constantly bombarded against verbal and nonverbal incentives and they are conditioned to show a string of verbal reactions against these incentives. It is not in the way that there are meanings in our mind a part from incentives and our preparation for reaction against them
The most influential student of Quine, Danlod Davidson, believes that there is a reliable relationship between meaning and veracity. In his opinion, the theory of meaning for each language includes a collection of principles that give us this possibility that we can express conditions for each sentence and the language and the condition of sentences have veracity. The idea of the veracity of sentences is an idea about meaning as well.
Relationship between language and the world is searched in the speaker of a language and his or her purposes. These questions are asked how verbal behaviors are basically and what lets human utter sound and apply signs that have surprising consequences? One of these consequences is that human makes a relationship with reality. How can we achieve all of the features of the recognition of meaning that we attribute to sounds uttered and signs that we draw? This basic topic is the same as '' the action of discourse'' that are reflected in the next works of Witgneshtain, Astein, Grice and John Serl and the nature of logical structure of these discourse actions is studied. Now we discuss about the philosophy of mind and language and relationships between mind and language and how the situations of our mind reflect the situation of the world. How do these situations make the behaviors of language possible and how do these features of language include the feature of outer reflection?
All of these matters form the philosophy of language. The philosophy of language is the name of a topic in philosophy and deals with these kinds of matters such as how we deal with reality? What is the nature of meaning? What is veracity, reference and the necessity of logic? What is the action of discourse? and …
As it is understood, the remarkable part of linguistic searches of Quran has the nature of linguistic philosophy and it is natural that the scientific inheritance of Muslim researchers in logic, philosophy, theosophy and the science of the principles of jurisprudence are used in the area of research.