Reform in society of Ottoman Empire

The beginning of structural reforms is along with the behavior of the reform of Sultan Mahmoud II, from the year 1296 to 1308 AD. (1807 to 1839); however, inappropriate condition and corruption of the Ottoman Court prevented the realization of his actions, except for a small part of the Army.
The main action of reform or preferences began in 1308 (1839 AD) with the rise of Sultan Abdul Majid the first, son of Mahmoud II. The reformers in the legal, judicial, social, cultural, economic and political areas appeared and by Sharif's handwriting, which was known as the greenhouse document, the original Constitution was designed.
Corruption and unhealthy economy and societal and legal discrimination in the Ottoman system caused severe welcome of the public of the sultan adjustment process or reform, which continued strongly after Abdul Majid also by Abdul Aziz.
however, by the rebellion that took place by Medhat Pasha and mysterious new Otoman Association (Young Ottomans), Abdul Aziz was deposed in 1355 AH (1876 AD) and routine governance with the rise of Murad V and suspicious murder of Abdul Aziz it was disrupted, and because Abdul Hamid had also came to throne under certain conditions of coup people and pressure group, as soon as access to opportunity, he adopted procedure of tyranny and specific modification in front of looters who were suppressed.
The authority atmosphere in the era along with sensitivity and outer provokes and religious and political groups opposing the Sultan led to start of critics in the society level especially by elites who wanted reforms and omit of Sultan's authority.
Perhaps we can name Namegh Kamal (1840-1888 M) as the first opposition reformist during era of Abdul Hamid, who inspired the revolution of "French" and Montesquieu and Rousseau's ideas went into the international arena of political opposition. Namegh Kamal was of dönmeh's Jews, who entered the Ottoman court in 17 years as an interpreter and was under the influence of Abraham Shynasy (1826-1871M). Namegh and Abraham and Ziya Pasha (1825-1880M) were all three of the leaders of political literature of opposition of Sultan, who fled to France during the activities of young Ottomans. Namegh later returned to the Ottoman and published his political ideas in the form of stories, poems and articles in newspapers, as the rest of new Ottomans gradually returned. The last Person of Young Ottomans, who made peace with the government and returned from exile, was Ali Savavi, who was a determined revolutionary, who was considered a man of the people; He was also the first man tried to depose Abdul Hamid.
In 1255 AD (December 1876 AD), he and his British wife met Butler Johnston, a member of parliament of "England" and "Turkey" and claimed private embassy from Disraeli. However, Ali Savavy soon founded a political committee called the Committee of Uskudar and in his own house he formed meetings. Ali Savavy's relationships and new sultan quickly turned to darkness. On May 29 of 1257 (May 19, 1878 AD), when the Russians were almost at the gates of "Istanbul", a statement signed by Ali Savavy was released in the newspaper "Basirat", announcing that in the next newspaper he will provide an explanation and treatment for problems in the country. It seems this was a pre-determined sign as in the next day around 11 am, a group of 500 people who were the lost majority of Muslim refugees of States, gathered in front of the palace Yildiz. About 100 of them led by Ali Savavy by force opened their way into the palace and tried to free Murad V and declare him Sultan.
Among the others who was form a particular group of reformists and the opposition of Abdul Hamid, was Clint Askalyry, citizen of "Greece", who lived in "Istanbul". The importance of this is due to his professorship at the Lodge of Freemasonry Prodos and the connection he had with European officials.
Askalyry had relationship with a group of conspirators, whose leaders included the Naqshi Band Kholafa, one of the royal servants of Madar Murad and Aziz Bei, one of his senior officials of inspection and Religious Affairs and Ali Shafeghati of former employees of the State Council and of the Friends Namegh Kamal. The purpose of this group, such as Ali Savavy, was deposed of Abdul Hamid and re-sitting Murad on the throne and the monarchy. Members of the group swore strive for security of the nation till the end of their ability.
Of other organized circles in opposition to the monarchy and creatibf political reform for a republic, was formation of medical students' assembly in the name of Abraham Tamu from "Ohrid Albania", Mohammed Rasheed of "Cherkys Caucasus", Hossein Ali Zadeh from "Baku", Abdullah Judat and Isaac Sukaty. In the year 1268 AD (1889), in medical military school, they held their sessions under the supervision of his teacher called Kazem Douro, in the form of Community Alliance of the Ottoman Empire.
The Society grew rapidly and among school students and administrative, military, navy, medicine and other higher schools of "Istanbul" won many members. It seems that members of the new series, like his predecessors, the Young Ottomans of 1865 had chosen Italy Karbunary Association as a model and divided themselves in small cells into a number of names. Temo was the first member of the first cell, who had the number 1/1.
Sultan Abdul Hamid, introduced members of the association and its connections with the Zionist Masonic circles as follows:
"Dr. Abdullah Judat, Dr. Isaac Sukaty, Dr. Bahaodin Shahed, Dr. Nazim and Dr. Ebrahim Temo were tied to the lodges of Italy and France and lived with their financial aids and even sent money to their families in their countries through the lodges. Newspapers published in Egypt and Europe with varied titles and members of secret societies who were busy in the areas could not cause severe damage to the nation, but Freemasonry lodges in spite of our pursuit, since when they moved the officers dependent to "Union and progress", used each of these displaced people as a flag. The story of June cracks [Young Turks] and society of "Union and progress" was this... but I could not prevent it and did not block it, because I was alone. On the back of them, there was hostile of whole world.
However, opposition moves did not remain secret from rule, so this group managed to escape after identifying and they went to "Geneva" and started the newspaper "Ottoman" against the Ottoman Empire. Another branch of the academic Turks went to "Paris". Their most prominent figure was Ahamad Reza (1859-1930M) who was related to the British in the Crimean War between the Ottomans and "Russia", and was a pupil of Auguste Comte. He released a two-week "consultation", which was the organ of the Young Turks. Later another branch was formed in "Cairo" in the same name.
The group of people, who remained in "Istanbul" and were identified, changed the name of Young Turks Association to the name of Union and Progress Association. In 1889, after Istanbul group joining to "Paris" group, especially Sabah al-Din (1877-1948M) who was from the royal family, the situation became better, although there were some ideological differences between them.
Coinciding with these developments in opposition Front a group as the Ottoman Empire Freedom association was formed among the Ottoman troops deployed in "Thessaloniki" headed by Ismail Jan Bolat.
In September 1907, Association made alliance with the Society of Union and Progress in "Paris".
Many members lived in Paris, and they formed the central core of the Young Turks for the fight against the Ottomans in the city. Magazines were published by the group to reach through foreign postal administrations, which broadcast under the law overseas in "Turkey". . . Issues against the dissident members and their ongoing promotions, a lot of dissatisfaction with the Ottoman regime and especially Sultan Abdul Hamid II was created.
The 1286 revolution (1908) was supported by the Young Turks, occurred when the military units' residents in "Thessaloniki" demanded restoration of the 1255 Constitution (1876 AD), which was suspended for a long time. Sultan sent a royal courier to relieve the Group Thessaloniki. However, the special messenger was murdered, and as a result, a number of officers of the Third Army took refuge to "Macedonia" Mountains. . .
The refugees formed guerrilla groups in the mountains of Macedonia. Sultan, who was anxious about his personal safety, inevitably re-established Constitution (1876 AD) by royal decree.
Following these developments, the reform-minded opposition people like Enver, Jamal Pasha and Talat Pasha in the opposition to Ottoman rule, were the leaders of the Young Turks to rebel and military movement, until in 1288 AD (1909 AD), Abdul Hamid was deposed and the monarchy collapsed and the rule of the Ottoman Empire was given to them. Of important factors that led reform trend be in hands of rebellers network as a cultural-social tool, was disability of Olema and wise men of Ottoman government of understanding reforms and need of guidance and their influence before other on the process, as textualists and commitment within the framework of classical traditional fiqh led to blocking any Ijtihad in issuing orders based on the needs of society, by scientists and scholars of religion.
On the other hand, due to a part of Olema being in Sheikh al-Islam institution, a kind of dependency was created among them and Caliphate of Ottoman, and the result of this alignment led their separation from critics and reform seekers and society majorities.
Meanwhile, low level religious students of Ottoman society were among the people and had no financial dependency to government so they had same ideas with rebels and social protests and they were present as well. Lack of proper understanding of this group of students about major political issues was often exploited and abused by the reformers. Therefore, reforms in society and the rule in the real national-Islamic meaning during the Ottoman era did not have very successful results; as maybe it was in hands of Caliph as one side executer of reforms that in the end was ordering old traditions and taking role models based on Ottoman real society, or it was reforms in hands of a group of political elites with anti0rule goals as tool for collapse.