The most important effective belief problems in the progress of the matters of monotheism in the era of Imam Reza (peace be upon him)

The process of the understanding and interpretation of Hadith of innocent Imams has close relationship with their thinking, social, historical and cultural aspects and time, place, people and other conditions have effective role in the recognition of their conditions.
Imam Reza (peace be upon him) was asked about the reason of proving existence of God. He said
''إِنِّى لَمَّا نَظَرتُ إِلَى جَسَدِى فَلَم یُمكِنِّى فِیهِ زِیَادَةٌ وَ لَا نُقصانٌ فِى العَرضِ وَ الطُّولِ وَ دَفعِ المَکَارِهِ عَنهُ وَ جَرِّ المَنفَعَةِ إلَیهِ عَلِمتُ أنَّ لِهَذَا البُنیَانِ بَانِیاً فَاقرَرتُ بِهِ مَعَ مَا أرَی مِن دَوَرَانِ الفَلَكِ بِقُدرَتِهِ وَ إَنشَاءِ السَّحَابِ وَ تَصرِیفِ الرِّیَاحِ وَ مَجرَى الشَّمسِ وَ القَمَرِ وَ النُّجُومِ وَ غَیرِ ذَلِکَ مِنَ الآیَاتِ العَجِیَباتِ المُتَقنَاتِ عَلِمتُ أنَّ لِهَذَا مُقَدِّراً وَ مُنشِئًا''
Revelation trains rejects absolute simile in the matter of the description of God and chooses a moderate way. Quran states
تَرَى الظَّالِمِينَ مُشْفِقِينَ مِمَّا كَسَبُوا وَهُوَ وَاقِعٌ بِهِمْ ۗ وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ فِي رَوْضَاتِ الْجَنَّاتِ ۖ لَهُم مَّا يَشَاءُونَ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ هُوَ الْفَضْلُ الْكَبِيرُ
Thou wilt see the Wrong-doers in fear on account of what they have earned, and (the burden of) that must (necessarily) fall on them. But those who believe and work righteous deeds will be in the luxuriant meads of the Gardens: they shall have, before their Lord, all that they wish for. That will indeed be the magnificent Bounty (of Allah).
Imam Ali states about the interpretation of the following verse;
يَعْلَمُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ وَلَا يُحِيطُونَ بِهِ عِلْمًا
He knows what (appears to His creatures as) before or after or behind them: but they shall not compass it with their knowledge.
''کَذَبَ العَادِلُونَ بِکَ إِذ شَبَّهُوکَ بِأصنَامِهِم وَ نَحَلُوکَ حِلیَةَ المَخلُوقِینَ بِأوهَامِهِم وَ جَزَّءُوکَ تَجزِئَةَ المُجَسَّمَاتِ بِخَوَاطِرِهِم وَ قَدَّرُوکَ عَلَی الخِلقَةِ المُختَلِفَةِ القُوَی بِقَرَائِحِ عُقُولِهِم''
The following verse proves hand for God
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ يَدُ اللَّهِ مَغْلُولَةٌ ۚ غُلَّتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَلُعِنُوا بِمَا قَالُوا ۘ بَلْ يَدَاهُ مَبْسُوطَتَانِ يُنفِقُ كَيْفَ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَلَيَزِيدَنَّ كَثِيرًا مِّنْهُم مَّا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِن رَّبِّكَ طُغْيَانًا وَكُفْرًا ۚ وَأَلْقَيْنَا بَيْنَهُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ ۚ كُلَّمَا أَوْقَدُوا نَارًا لِّلْحَرْبِ أَطْفَأَهَا اللَّهُ ۚ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا ۚ وَاللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُفْسِدِينَ
The Jews say: "Allah´s hand is tied up." Be their hands tied up and be they accursed for the (blasphemy) they utter. Nay, both His hands are widely outstretched: He giveth and spendeth (of His bounty) as He pleaseth. But the revelation that cometh to thee from Allah increaseth in most of them their obstinate rebellion and blasphemy. Amongst them we have placed enmity and hatred till the Day of Judgment. Every time they kindle the fire of war, Allah doth extinguish it; but they (ever) strive to do mischief on earth. And Allah loveth not those who do mischief.
When one of Shias wants Imam Reza (peace be upon him) to describe God for us because there are a lot of disagreements about the recognition of God among our companions, Imam Reza (peace be upon him) states
''إِنَّهُ مَن یَصِفَ رَبَّهُ بِالقِیَاسِ لَا یَزَالُ الدَّهرَ فِى الاِلتِبَاسِ مَائِلًا عَنِ المِنهَاجِ ظَاعِناً فِى الاِعوِجَاجِ ضَالًا عَنِ السَّبِیلِ قَائِلًا غَیرَ الجَمیِلِ أعَرِّفَهُ بِمَا عَرَّفَ بِهِ نَفسَهُ مِن غَیرِ رُؤیَةٍِ وَ أصِفُهُ بِمَا وَصَفَ بِهِ نَفسَهُ مِن غَیرِ صُورَةٍِ لَا یُدرَکُ بِالحَوَاسِّ وَ لَا یُقَاسُ بِالنَّاسُ مَعرُوفٌ بِغَیرِ تَشبِیهٍ وَ مُتَدَانٍ فِی بُعدِهِ لَا بِنَظیِرِ لَا یُمَثَّلُ بِخَلِیقَتِهِ وَ لَا یَجُورُ فِی قَضَیَّتِهِ الخَلقُ إِلَی مَا عَلِمَ مُنقَادُونَ وَ عَلَى مَا سَطَرَ فِى المَكنُونِ مِن كِتَابِهِ مَاضُونَ وَ لَا یَعمَلُونَ خِلَافَ مَا عَلِمَ مِنهُم وَ لَا غَیرَهُ یُرِیدُونَ فَهُوَ قَرِیبٌ غَیرُ مُلتَزِقٍ وَ بَعِیدٌ غَیرُ مُتَقَصٍّ یُحَقَّقُ وَ لَا یُمثَّلُ وَ یُوَحَّدُ وَ لَا یُبَعَّضُ یُعرَفُ بِالآیَاتِ وَ یُثبَتُ بِالعَلَامَاتِ فَلَا إِلَهَ غَیرُهُ الکَبِیرُ المُتَعَال''
According to revelation and clear trains of the verses of Quran, God cannot be seen with eyes. Quran states
ا تُدْرِكُهُ الْأَبْصَارُ وَهُوَ يُدْرِكُ الْأَبْصَارَ ۖ وَهُوَ اللَّطِيفُ الْخَبِيرُ
No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision: He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things.
وَلَمَّا جَاءَ مُوسَىٰ لِمِيقَاتِنَا وَكَلَّمَهُ رَبُّهُ قَالَ رَبِّ أَرِنِي أَنظُرْ إِلَيْكَ ۚ قَالَ لَن تَرَانِي وَلَٰكِنِ انظُرْ إِلَى الْجَبَلِ فَإِنِ اسْتَقَرَّ مَكَانَهُ فَسَوْفَ تَرَانِي ۚ فَلَمَّا تَجَلَّىٰ رَبُّهُ لِلْجَبَلِ جَعَلَهُ دَكًّا وَخَرَّ مُوسَىٰ صَعِقًا ۚ فَلَمَّا أَفَاقَ قَالَ سُبْحَانَكَ تُبْتُ إِلَيْكَ وَأَنَا أَوَّلُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
When Moses came to the place appointed by Us, and his Lord addressed him, He said: "O my Lord! show (Thyself) to me, that I may look upon thee." Allah said: "By no means canst thou see Me (direct); But look upon the mount; if it abide in its place, then shalt thou see Me." When his Lord manifested His glory on the Mount, He made it as dust. And Moses fell down in a swoon. When he recovered his senses he said: "Glory be to Thee! to Thee I turn in repentance, and I am the first to believe.
وَقَالَ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرْجُونَ لِقَاءَنَا لَوْلَا أُنزِلَ عَلَيْنَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ أَوْ نَرَىٰ رَبَّنَا ۗ لَقَدِ اسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي أَنفُسِهِمْ وَعَتَوْا عُتُوًّا كَبِيرًا
Such as fear not the meeting with Us (for Judgment) say: "Why are not the angels sent down to us, or (why) do we not see our Lord?" Indeed they have an arrogant conceit of themselves, and mighty is the insolence of their impiety''.
Muhammad Bin Ubeid aked Imam Reza (peace be upon him) asked about the possibility of seeing God. Imam Reza (peace be upon him) said
''اتَّفَقَ الجَمیِعُ لَا تَمَانُعَ بَینَهُم أنََّ المَعرِفَةَ مِن جِهَةِ الرُّؤیَةِ ضَرُورَةٌ فَإِذَا جَازَ أن یُرَى اللَّهُ بِالعَینِ وَقَعَتِ المَعرُفَةُ ضَرُورَةً- ثُمَّ لَم تَخلُ تِلكَ المَعرِفَةُ مِن أن تَكُونَ إِیمَاناً أو لَیسَت بِإِیمَانٍ فَإِن كَانَت تِلكَ المَعرُفَةُ مِن جِهَةِ الرُّؤیَةِ إِیِمَاناً فَالْمَعرِفَةُ الَّتِى فِى دَارِ الدُّنیَا مِن جِهَةِ الِاكتِسَابِ لَیسَت بِإِیمَانٍ لِأَنَّهَا ضِدُّهُ فَلَا یَكُونُ فِى الدُّنیَا مُؤمِنٌ لِأَنَّهُم لَم یَرَوُا اللهَ عَزَّ ذِكرُهُ وَ إِن لَم تَكُن تِلكَ المَعرِفَةُ الَّتِى مِن جِهَةِ الرُّؤیَةِ إِیمَاناً لَم تَخلُ هَذِهِ المَعرِفَةُ الَّتِى مِن جَهَةِ الِاکتِسَابِ أن تَزُولَ وَ لَا تَزُولُ فِی المَعَادِ فَهَذَا ذَلِیلٌ عَلَی أَنَّ اللَّهُ عَزََّوَجَلَّ لَا یُرَی بِالعَینِ إِذِ العَینُ تُؤَدِّی إِلَی مَا وَصَفنَاه''
Then he said that Quran states
يَعْلَمُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ وَلَا يُحِيطُونَ بِهِ عِلْمًا
He knows what (appears to His creatures as) before or after or behind them: but they shall not compass it with their knowledge.
Imam Reza was asked ''why do Mohadesin say that believers visit their creator in the heaven, he said
''یَا أبَا الصَّلتِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَکَ وَ تَعَالَی فَضَّلَ نَبِیَّهُ محمد [مُحَمَّداً] (صلی ‌الله‌ علیه‌ و ‌آله‌ و‌ سلم) عَلَی جَمِیعِ خَلقِهِ مِنَ النَّبِیِّینَ وَ المَلَائِكَةِ وَ جَعَلَ طَاعَتَهُ طَاعَتَهُ وَ مُتَابَعَتَهُ مُتَابَعَتَهَ وَ زِیَارَتَهُ فِى الدُّنیَا وَ الآخِرَةِ زِیَارَتَهُ فَقَالَ عَزَّوَجَلَ {مَن یُطِعِ الرَّسُولَ فَقَد أطاعَ اللَّهَ''
Quran states
مَّن يُطِعِ الرَّسُولَ فَقَدْ أَطَاعَ اللَّهَ ۖ وَمَن تَوَلَّىٰ فَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظًا
He who obeys the Messenger, obeys Allah: But if any turn away, We have not sent thee to watch over their (evil deeds).
وَيَبْقَىٰ وَجْهُ رَبِّكَ ذُو الْجَلَالِ وَالْإِكْرَامِ
But will abide (for ever) the Face of thy Lord,- full of Majesty, Bounty and Honour.
فَبِأَيِّ آلَاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ
Then which of the favours of your Lord will ye deny.
يَمْحُو اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَيُثْبِتُ ۖ وَعِندَهُ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ
Allah doth blot out or confirm what He pleaseth: with Him is the Mother of the Book.
وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ يَدُ اللَّهِ مَغْلُولَةٌ ۚ غُلَّتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَلُعِنُوا بِمَا قَالُوا ۘ بَلْ يَدَاهُ مَبْسُوطَتَانِ يُنفِقُ كَيْفَ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَلَيَزِيدَنَّ كَثِيرًا مِّنْهُم مَّا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِن رَّبِّكَ طُغْيَانًا وَكُفْرًا ۚ وَأَلْقَيْنَا بَيْنَهُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ ۚ كُلَّمَا أَوْقَدُوا نَارًا لِّلْحَرْبِ أَطْفَأَهَا اللَّهُ ۚ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا ۚ وَاللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُفْسِدِينَ
The Jews say: "Allah´s hand is tied up." Be their hands tied up and be they accursed for the (blasphemy) they utter. Nay, both His hands are widely outstretched: He giveth and spendeth (of His bounty) as He pleaseth. But the revelation that cometh to thee from Allah increaseth in most of them their obstinate rebellion and blasphemy. Amongst them we have placed enmity and hatred till the Day of Judgment. Every time they kindle the fire of war, Allah doth extinguish it; but they (ever) strive to do mischief on earth. And Allah loveth not those who do mischief.
Imam Reza(peace be upon him) states to Hazrat Suleiman that Quran states
أَوَلَا يَذْكُرُ الْإِنسَانُ أَنَّا خَلَقْنَاهُ مِن قَبْلُ وَلَمْ يَكُ شَيْئًا
But does not man call to mind that We created him before out of nothing.
وَهُوَ الَّذِي يَبْدَأُ الْخَلْقَ ثُمَّ يُعِيدُهُ وَهُوَ أَهْوَنُ عَلَيْهِ ۚ وَلَهُ الْمَثَلُ الْأَعْلَىٰ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۚ وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ
It is He Who begins (the process of) creation; then repeats it; and for Him it is most easy. To Him belongs the loftiest similitude (we can think of) in the heavens and the earth: for He is Exalted in Might, full of wisdom.
بَدِيعُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ ۖ وَإِذَا قَضَىٰ أَمْرًا فَإِنَّمَا يَقُولُ لَهُ كُن فَيَكُونُ
To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: When He decreeth a matter, He saith to it: "Be," and it is''.
الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ فَاطِرِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ جَاعِلِ الْمَلَائِكَةِ رُسُلًا أُولِي أَجْنِحَةٍ مَّثْنَىٰ وَثُلَاثَ وَرُبَاعَ ۚ يَزِيدُ فِي الْخَلْقِ مَا يَشَاءُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ
Praise be to Allah, Who created (out of nothing) the heavens and the earth, Who made the angels, messengers with wings,- two, or three, or four (pairs): He adds to Creation as He pleases: for Allah has power over all things.
وَآخَرُونَ مُرْجَوْنَ لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ إِمَّا يُعَذِّبُهُمْ وَإِمَّا يَتُوبُ عَلَيْهِمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ
There are (yet) others, held in suspense for the command of Allah, whether He will punish them, or turn in mercy to them: and Allah is All-Knowing, Wise.
Then Hazrat Suleiman (peace be upon him) said '' is there a narration from your father?'' Imam Sadeq (peace be upon him) states
'' إِنَّ ِللَّهَ عَزَّوَجَلَ عِلمَینِ عِلماً مَخزُونًا مَكنُوناً لَا یَعلَمُهُ إِلَّا هُوَ مِن ذَلِكَ یَكُونُ البَدَاءُ وَ عِلماً عَلَّمَهَ مَلَائِكَتَهُ وَ رُسُلَهُ فَالعُلَمَاءُ مِن أهلِ بَیتِ نَبِّیَنَا یَعلَمُونَه''
''لَقَد أخبَرَنِی أبِی عَن آبَائِهِ (علیه‌السّلام) عَن رَسُولِ اللَّهِ (صلی ‌الله‌ علیه‌ و ‌آله‌ و‌ سلم) قَالَ إِنَّ اللَّهُ عَزَّوَجَلَّ اُوحَی إِلَی نَبِیٍّ مِن أنبِیَائِهِ أن أخبِر فُلَاناً المَلِکَ أَنِّی مُتَوَفِّیهِ إِلَی کَذَا وَ کَذَا فَأتَاهُ ذَلِکَ النَّبِیُّ فَاخبَرَهُ فَدَعَا اللَّهَ الْمَلِکُ وَ هُوَ عَلَی سَرِیرهِ حَتَّی سَقَطَ مِنَ السَّرِیرِ وَ قَالَ یَا رَبِّ أجَّلنِی حَتَّی یَشِبَّ طِفلِی وَ قضی [یَقضِیَ] أمرِی فَأوْحَی اللَّهُ عَزَّوَجَلَ إِلَی ذَلِکَ النَّبِیِّ أنِ ائتِ فُلَاناً المَلِکَ فَاعلِم أَنَّی قَد أنسَیتُ فِی أجَلِهِ وَ زِدتُ فِی عُمُرِهِ إِلَی خَمسَ عَشرَةَ سَنَّةًَ فَقَالَ ذَلِکَ النَّبِیُّ (صلی ‌الله‌ علیه‌ و‌ آله ‌و‌ سلم) یَا رَبِّ إِنَّکَ لَتَعلَمُ أَنِّی لَم أَکذِب قَطُّ فَأُوحَی اللَّهُ عَزَّوَجَلَ إِلَیهِ إِنَََّمَا أَنتَ عَبدٌ مَأمُورٌ فَأبلِغهُ ذَلِکَ وَ اللَّهُ لا یُسئَلُ عَمَّا یَفعَلُ''
Imam Sadeq said that Quran states
''وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ يَدُ اللَّهِ مَغْلُولَةٌ ۚ غُلَّتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَلُعِنُوا بِمَا قَالُوا ۘ بَلْ يَدَاهُ مَبْسُوطَتَانِ يُنفِقُ كَيْفَ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَلَيَزِيدَنَّ كَثِيرًا مِّنْهُم مَّا أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِن رَّبِّكَ طُغْيَانًا وَكُفْرًا ۚ وَأَلْقَيْنَا بَيْنَهُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ ۚ كُلَّمَا أَوْقَدُوا نَارًا لِّلْحَرْبِ أَطْفَأَهَا اللَّهُ ۚ وَيَسْعَوْنَ فِي الْأَرْضِ فَسَادًا ۚ وَاللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الْمُفْسِدِينَ ''
''The Jews say: "Allah´s hand is tied up." Be their hands tied up and be they accursed for the (blasphemy) they utter. Nay, both His hands are widely outstretched: He giveth and spendeth (of His bounty) as He pleaseth. But the revelation that cometh to thee from Allah increaseth in most of them their obstinate rebellion and blasphemy. Amongst them we have placed enmity and hatred till the Day of Judgment. Every time they kindle the fire of war, Allah doth extinguish it; but they (ever) strive to do mischief on earth. And Allah loveth not those who do mischief''.
As it was said, the understanding of Razavi trains in the area of monotheism belief needs the imagination of atmosphere during the history. The sequence of the Imamate of Shias entered critical stage.