Establishment of monotheism by prophets

Each Surah of Quran has a specific content and Surahs that have common content have common start and ending.
Since Quran is book of science and reasons, it does not say matters without reasons, but it says matters with rational reasons and valid narrations. Moreover, Quran accepts matters with rational reasons and valid narrations.
Quran states
یَا صَاحِبَیِ السِّجْنِ أَأَرْبَابٌ مُّتَفَرِّقُونَ خَیْرٌ أَمِ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ
O my two companions of the prison! (I ask you): are many lords differing among themselves better, or the One Allah, Supreme and Irresistible?
Quran proves revelation, resurrection and monotheism in several Surahs with reasons.
Quran states
وَالْكِتَابِ الْمُبِینِ
By the Book that makes things clear.
إِنَّا جَعَلْنَاهُ قُرْآنًا عَرَبِیًّا لَّعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ
We have made it a Qur´an in Arabic, that ye may be able to understand (and learn wisdom).
وَإِنَّهُ فِی أُمِّ الْكِتَابِ لَدَیْنَا لَعَلِیٌّ حَكِیمٌ
And verily, it is in the Mother of the Book, in Our Presence, high (in dignity), full of wisdom.
The above verse reminds that Quran has some stages.
إِنَّ الَّذِینَ عِندَ رَبِّكَ لَا یَسْتَكْبِرُونَ عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ وَیُسَبِّحُونَهُ وَلَهُ یَسْجُدُونَ
Those who are near to thy Lord, disdain not to do Him worship: They celebrate His praises, and prostrate before Him.
أَفَنَضْرِبُ عَنكُمُ الذِّكْرَ صَفْحًا أَن كُنتُمْ قَوْمًا مُّسْرِفِینَ
Shall We then take away the Message from you and repel (you), for that ye are a people transgressing beyond bounds?
The above verse reminds that if a nation violates divine rules, it will not cause that divine messages and prophets are not sent.
The following verses remind that if nations hurt prophets of God, God will not stop sending divine messages;
وَكَمْ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن نَّبِیٍّ فِی الْأَوَّلِینَ
But how many were the prophets We sent amongst the peoples of old?
وَمَا یَأْتِیهِم مِّن نَّبِیٍّ إِلَّا كَانُوا بِهِ یَسْتَهْزِئُونَ
And never came there a prophet to them but they mocked him.
فَأَهْلَكْنَا أَشَدَّ مِنْهُم بَطْشًا وَمَضَىٰ مَثَلُ الْأَوَّلِینَ
So We destroyed (them)- stronger in power than these;- and (thus) has passed on the Parable of the peoples of old.
At first, God mentions reasons of monotheism of God. Quran states
وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُم مَّنْ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ لَیَقُولُنَّ خَلَقَهُنَّ الْعَزِیزُ الْعَلِیمُ
If thou wert to question them, ´Who created the heavens and the earth?´ They would be sure to reply, ´they were created by (Him), the Exalted in Power, Full of Knowledge.
Quran states
ادْعُ إِلَىٰ سَبِیلِ رَبِّكَ بِالْحِكْمَةِ وَالْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ ۖ وَجَادِلْهُم بِالَّتِی هِیَ أَحْسَنُ ۚ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِمَن ضَلَّ عَن سَبِیلِهِ ۖ وَهُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِالْمُهْتَدِینَ
Invite (all) to the Way of thy Lord with wisdom and beautiful preaching; and argue with them in ways that are best and most gracious: for thy Lord knoweth best, who have strayed from His Path, and who receive guidance.
الَّذِی جَعَلَ لَكُمُ الْأَرْضَ مَهْدًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُمْ فِیهَا سُبُلًا لَّعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ
(Yea, the same that) has made for you the earth (like a carpet) spread out, and has made for you roads (and channels) therein, in order that ye may find guidance (on the way).
وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ أَشُدَّهُ وَاسْتَوَىٰ آتَیْنَاهُ حُكْمًا وَعِلْمًا ۚ وَكَذَٰلِكَ نَجْزِی الْمُحْسِنِینَ
When he reached full age, and was firmly established (in life), We bestowed on him wisdom and knowledge: for thus do We reward those who do good.
وَالَّذِی نَزَّلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً بِقَدَرٍ فَأَنشَرْنَا بِهِ بَلْدَةً مَّیْتًا ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ تُخْرَجُونَ
That sends down (from time to time) rain from the sky in due measure;- and We raise to life therewith a land that is dead; even so will ye be raised (from the dead).
وَالَّذِی خَلَقَ الْأَزْوَاجَ كُلَّهَا وَجَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنَ الْفُلْكِ وَالْأَنْعَامِ مَا تَرْكَبُونَ
That has created pairs in all things, and has made for you ships and cattle on which ye ride.
لِتَسْتَوُوا عَلَىٰ ظُهُورِهِ ثُمَّ تَذْكُرُوا نِعْمَةَ رَبِّكُمْ إِذَا اسْتَوَیْتُمْ عَلَیْهِ وَتَقُولُوا سُبْحَانَ الَّذِی سَخَّرَ لَنَا هَٰذَا وَمَا كُنَّا لَهُ مُقْرِنِینَ
In order that ye may sit firm and square on their backs, and when so seated, ye may celebrate the (kind) favour of your Lord, and say, "Glory to Him Who has subjected these to our (use), for we could never have accomplished this (by ourselves).
وَإِنَّا إِلَىٰ رَبِّنَا لَمُنقَلِبُونَ
And to our Lord, surely, must we turn back.
Quran states about persons that worship idol
جَعَلُوا لَهُ مِنْ عِبَادِهِ جُزْءًا ۚ إِنَّ الْإِنسَانَ لَكَفُورٌ مُّبِینٌ
Yet they attribute to some of His servants a share with Him (in his godhead)! truly is man a blasphemous ingrate avowed!
In the following verses, God does not consider any difference between girls and boys and introduce them as blessings of God;
أَمِ اتَّخَذَ مِمَّا یَخْلُقُ بَنَاتٍ وَأَصْفَاكُم بِالْبَنِینَ
What! has He taken daughters out of what He himself creates, and granted to you sons for choice?
وَإِذَا بُشِّرَ أَحَدُهُم بِمَا ضَرَبَ لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ مَثَلًا ظَلَّ وَجْهُهُ مُسْوَدًّا وَهُوَ كَظِیمٌ
When news is brought to one of them of (the birth of) what he sets up as a likeness to (Allah) Most Gracious, his face darkens, and he is filled with inward grief!
أَوَمَن یُنَشَّأُ فِی الْحِلْیَةِ وَهُوَ فِی الْخِصَامِ غَیْرُ مُبِینٍ
Is then one brought up among trinkets, and unable to give a clear account in a dispute (to be associated with Allah)?
وَجَعَلُوا الْمَلَائِكَةَ الَّذِینَ هُمْ عِبَادُ الرَّحْمَٰنِ إِنَاثًا ۚ أَشَهِدُوا خَلْقَهُمْ ۚ سَتُكْتَبُ شَهَادَتُهُمْ وَیُسْأَلُونَ
And they make into females angels who themselves serve Allah. Did they witness their creation? Their evidence will be recorded, and they will be called to account.
God states
وَقَالُوا لَوْ شَاءَ الرَّحْمَٰنُ مَا عَبَدْنَاهُم ۗ مَّا لَهُم بِذَٰلِكَ مِنْ عِلْمٍ ۖ إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا یَخْرُصُونَ
(Ah) they say, "If it had been the will of (Allah) Most Gracious, we should not have worshipped such (deities)!" Of that they have no knowledge! they do nothing but lie!
سَیَقُولُ الَّذِینَ أَشْرَكُوا لَوْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ مَا أَشْرَكْنَا وَلَا آبَاؤُنَا وَلَا حَرَّمْنَا مِن شَیْءٍ ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ كَذَّبَ الَّذِینَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ حَتَّىٰ ذَاقُوا بَأْسَنَا ۗ قُلْ هَلْ عِندَكُم مِّنْ عِلْمٍ فَتُخْرِجُوهُ لَنَا ۖ إِن تَتَّبِعُونَ إِلَّا الظَّنَّ وَإِنْ أَنتُمْ إِلَّا تَخْرُصُونَ
Those who give partners (to Allah) will say: "If Allah had wished, we should not have given partners to Him nor would our fathers; nor should we have had any taboos." So did their ancestors argue falsely, until they tasted of Our wrath. Say: "Have ye any (certain) knowledge? If so, produce it before us. Ye follow nothing but conjecture: ye do nothing but lie''.
قُلْ أَغَیْرَ اللَّهِ أَتَّخِذُ وَلِیًّا فَاطِرِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَهُوَ یُطْعِمُ وَلَا یُطْعَمُ ۗ قُلْ إِنِّی أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ ۖ وَلَا تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِینَ
Say: "Shall I take for my protector any other than Allah, the Maker of the heavens and the earth? And He it is that feedeth but is not fed." Say: "Nay! but I am commanded to be the first of those who bow to Allah (in Islam), and be not thou of the company of those who join gods with Allah''.
قُلْ أَیُّ شَیْءٍ أَكْبَرُ شَهَادَةً ۖ قُلِ اللَّهُ ۖ شَهِیدٌ بَیْنِی وَبَیْنَكُمْ ۚ وَأُوحِیَ إِلَیَّ هَٰذَا الْقُرْآنُ لِأُنذِرَكُم بِهِ وَمَن بَلَغَ ۚ أَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَشْهَدُونَ أَنَّ مَعَ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً أُخْرَىٰ ۚ قُل لَّا أَشْهَدُ ۚ قُلْ إِنَّمَا هُوَ إِلَٰهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَإِنَّنِی بَرِیءٌ مِّمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ
Say: "What thing is most weighty in evidence?" Say: "Allah is witness between me and you; This Qur´an hath been revealed to me by inspiration, that I may warn you and all whom it reaches. Can ye possibly bear witness that besides Allah there is another Allah?" Say: "Nay! I cannot bear witness!" Say: "But in truth He is the one Allah, and I truly am innocent of (your blasphemy of) joining others with Him''.
وَمِنْهُم مَّن یَسْتَمِعُ إِلَیْكَ ۖ وَجَعَلْنَا عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ أَكِنَّةً أَن یَفْقَهُوهُ وَفِی آذَانِهِمْ وَقْرًا ۚ وَإِن یَرَوْا كُلَّ آیَةٍ لَّا یُؤْمِنُوا بِهَا ۚ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا جَاءُوكَ یُجَادِلُونَكَ یَقُولُ الَّذِینَ كَفَرُوا إِنْ هَٰذَا إِلَّا أَسَاطِیرُ الْأَوَّلِینَ
Of them there are some who (pretend to) listen to thee; but We have thrown veils on their hearts, So they understand it not, and deafness in their ears; if they saw every one of the signs, not they will believe in them; in so much that when they come to thee, they (but) dispute with thee; the Unbelievers say: "These are nothing but tales of the ancients''.
وَلَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِّن قَبْلِكَ فَصَبَرُوا عَلَىٰ مَا كُذِّبُوا وَأُوذُوا حَتَّىٰ أَتَاهُمْ نَصْرُنَا ۚ وَلَا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِمَاتِ اللَّهِ ۚ وَلَقَدْ جَاءَكَ مِن نَّبَإِ الْمُرْسَلِینَ
Rejected were the messengers before thee: with patience and constancy they bore their rejection and their wrongs, until Our aid did reach them: there is none that can alter the words (and decrees) of Allah. Already hast thou received some account of those messengers.
وَعِندَهُ مَفَاتِحُ الْغَیْبِ لَا یَعْلَمُهَا إِلَّا هُوَ ۚ وَیَعْلَمُ مَا فِی الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ ۚ وَمَا تَسْقُطُ مِن وَرَقَةٍ إِلَّا یَعْلَمُهَا وَلَا حَبَّةٍ فِی ظُلُمَاتِ الْأَرْضِ وَلَا رَطْبٍ وَلَا یَابِسٍ إِلَّا فِی كِتَابٍ مُّبِینٍ
With Him are the keys of the unseen, the treasures that none knoweth but He. He knoweth whatever there is on the earth and in the sea. Not a leaf doth fall but with His knowledge: there is not a grain in the darkness (or depths) of the earth, nor anything fresh or dry (green or withered), but is (inscribed) in a record clear (to those who can read).
وَذَرِ الَّذِینَ اتَّخَذُوا دِینَهُمْ لَعِبًا وَلَهْوًا وَغَرَّتْهُمُ الْحَیَاةُ الدُّنْیَا ۚ وَذَكِّرْ بِهِ أَن تُبْسَلَ نَفْسٌ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ لَیْسَ لَهَا مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلِیٌّ وَلَا شَفِیعٌ وَإِن تَعْدِلْ كُلَّ عَدْلٍ لَّا یُؤْخَذْ مِنْهَا ۗ أُولَٰئِكَ الَّذِینَ أُبْسِلُوا بِمَا كَسَبُوا ۖ لَهُمْ شَرَابٌ مِّنْ حَمِیمٍ وَعَذَابٌ أَلِیمٌ بِمَا كَانُوا یَكْفُرُونَ
Leave alone those who take their religion to be mere play and amusement, and are deceived by the life of this world. But proclaim (to them) this (truth): that every soul delivers itself to ruin by its own acts: it will find for itself no protector or intercessor except Allah: if it offered every ransom, (or reparation), none will be accepted: such is (the end of) those who deliver themselves to ruin by their own acts: they will have for drink (only) boiling water, and for punishment, one most grievous: for they persisted in rejecting Allah.
قُلْ أَرَأَیْتُم مَّا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُم مِّن رِّزْقٍ فَجَعَلْتُم مِّنْهُ حَرَامًا وَحَلَالًا قُلْ آللَّهُ أَذِنَ لَكُمْ ۖ أَمْ عَلَى اللَّهِ تَفْتَرُونَ
Say: "See ye what things Allah hath sent down to you for sustenance? Yet ye hold forbidden some things thereof and (some things) lawful." Say: "Hath Allah indeed permitted you, or do ye invent (things) to attribute to Allah?
Quran states about will of God
إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُ إِذَا أَرَادَ شَیْئًا أَن یَقُولَ لَهُ كُن فَیَكُونُ
Verily, when He intends a thing, His Command is, "be", and it is.
وَمَا تَشَاءُونَ إِلَّا أَن یَشَاءَ اللَّهُ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِیمًا حَكِیمًا
But ye will not, except as Allah wills; for Allah is full of Knowledge and Wisdom.
إِنَّا هَدَیْنَاهُ السَّبِیلَ إِمَّا شَاكِرًا وَإِمَّا كَفُورًا
We showed him the Way: whether he be grateful or ungrateful (rests on his will).
Quran rejects reasons of polytheists
وَقَالُوا لَوْ شَاءَ الرَّحْمَٰنُ مَا عَبَدْنَاهُم ۗ مَّا لَهُم بِذَٰلِكَ مِنْ عِلْمٍ ۖ إِنْ هُمْ إِلَّا یَخْرُصُونَ
They say, "If it had been the will of (Allah) Most Gracious, we should not have worshipped such (deities)!" Of that they have no knowledge! they do nothing but lie.
أَمْ آتَیْنَاهُمْ كِتَابًا مِّن قَبْلِهِ فَهُم بِهِ مُسْتَمْسِكُونَ
What! Have We given them a Book before this, to which they are holding fast?
Quran states that your reasons should be based on wisdom or valid narrations;
قُلْ أَرَأَیْتُم مَّا تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ أَرُونِی مَاذَا خَلَقُوا مِنَ الْأَرْضِ أَمْ لَهُمْ شِرْكٌ فِی السَّمَاوَاتِ ۖ ائْتُونِی بِكِتَابٍ مِّن قَبْلِ هَٰذَا أَوْ أَثَارَةٍ مِّنْ عِلْمٍ إِن كُنتُمْ صَادِقِینَ
Say: "Do ye see what it is ye invoke besides Allah? Show me what it is they have created on earth, or have they a share in the heavens bring me a book (revealed) before this, or any remnant of knowledge (ye may have), if ye are telling the truth''.