Soviet Union and Israel, relations and orientations

The subject of this paper is relations between the Soviet Union and Israel and the orientations related to these relations since the advent of the Israeli regime to the end of the 80s as a historical process. With the end of the Second World War, the problem of the establishment of the Zionist state in the Palestinian territories was on the agenda of the great powers, and the Soviet Union was one of the countries that followed it seriously. The adoption of various resolutions of United Nations on the formation of Israel and the subsequent close link between the Soviet Union and Israel are among the issues raised in the paper. This process finally and gradually shifted to the dangers of relations and hostility between the Soviet Union and Israel with Israel's emphasis on Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union. With the turmoil in Israeli-Soviet relations during the Suez crisis, various protests against its expansionist and aggressive policies were intensified. With the onset of the war in 1967, the anti-Zionist policy of the Soviet Union accelerated.
The issue of defending the rights of the Palestinians and the pressure of the West to allow immigration to the Russian Jews to go to Israel is another issue that has become a kind of military protest between the Soviet Union, the West and Israel. With the outbreak of the 1973 war, not only the process of deconstruction did not prevent hostility in the Middle East, but it intensified the conflict between the two major world powers on the Security Council scene. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of Gorbachev and its impact on Soviet foreign and domestic policy, especially on the issue of Israel and the Arabs. With the German Army attacking the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Jews of the country faced new pressures by German forces.
The remaining Jewish social institutions in the occupied territories by the German forces were completely abolished, and the relevant educational facilities were also destroyed. There were about 5 million Jews in Russia at that time, and most of them spoke Hebrew. Although Stalin had made extensive efforts to integrate the Jews in the Soviet Union, Russian Jews, in various ways, managed to maintain their links with the Zionist institutions that were active outside the Soviet Union. As a result, attempts were made among them to immigrate to Palestine. Stalin tried to prevent the invasion and attack of Hitler on the Soviet Union through the signing of a treaty of friendship with Hitler in August 1939. But it soon became clear that the Soviet Union would not be able to protect itself from growing conflicts in Eastern Europe.
The capture of Poland by the German forces led the Jews to seek refuge in the Soviet Union, but the Stalin government refused to accept them either. Since the spring of 1941, Jews have been arrested. A large number of them were exiled to labor camps in the northern regions of Russia. The Stalin government, which had done a great deal to resolve the Jewish question, was not willing to accept a new group of them because they passed different issues to the Jewish community of Russia. A large number of Jews were killed by the German rule. Some of them joined the guerrilla forces and others joined the Red Army. The German forces sought to resolve the Jewish problem and racial cleansing. The compulsory use of the Jewish forces and, ultimately, the destruction of them were in the mainstream of the Nazi government and were widely implemented. The anti-Jewish forces in German occupied territories also helped implementing the policy.
There are horrific statistics of the massacre of Jews recorded by German agents, which provided psychological backgrounds for later use of the Zionists in the world. Russian Jews also by rebelling in the German camps that were built to keep them, tried to strike German forces by joining the guerrilla forces. Zionist organizations organized a massive resistance against the German forces, hoping for victory in war and emigration to the Promised Land (Palestine). The Jews should have either choose staying in the camps, or escape from the camps to join guerilla forces. The Zionist propaganda promoted this resistance. Jews in the Red Army continued their activities against the German Army.
Some 500,000 Jews served in the Red Army during the war and organized campaigns in the German army under the guise of a guerrilla force, but during this period, anti-Semitic propaganda and tendencies were not lost. Russian Jews, like other people of the country suffered severe damages during the Second World War. The anti-Jewish tendencies continued in this period. The social and cultural conditions of the Jews were severely ruined during the severe repression of the 1930s. The war and its aftermath intensified this situation. On the eve of the war, propaganda emigrate to the Promised Land was extended by Zionist organizations. Before treaty was signed, the Russian Jews were activated in the framework of Stalin's policies in anti-fascist committees. Since those days, the formation of a region for the Jews was introduced within the framework of the federal system in Soviet Union. The government of the Soviet Union expressed its support for the formation of a Jewish state in various forms.
The leadership of the Soviet Union was trying to support the Arabs in the rising Arab-Israeli conflict. The development of US policies in the Middle East intensified Israel's closer affiliation with the United States and the Arabs to the Soviet Union. On May 1950, the United States, France, and Britain in a declaration raised the issue of the way to export arms to the Middle East, and expressed that to strengthen order and security and in fact protection of Israel. Israel's need for economic and military assistance from Western countries was growing increasingly. Giving a $ 100 million loan in January 1949 clarified the resolute determination of the West to help Israel, while the second demand for the loan remained unanswered by the Soviet Union. The Jews of Western countries moved to help Israel, but such movements were not seen by the Jews of the Soviet Union, since basically the Soviet government did not allow doing such an action. The result was completely clear. The Israeli Foreign Minister in the parliament emphasized the need for become increasingly close to the West and he knew the country dependent on the help of Western countries. In atmosphere of darkening relations between Israel and the Soviet Union, internal pressures were intensifying on the Jews. The conspiracy of doctors in this regard is worth mentioning. Most accused doctors were Jews. Since February 1951, political relations between the two countries were cut off. In October of that year, the friendly treaty between Israel and the United States was signed.
The Dutch government was elected as the protector of the interests of Israel in the Soviet Union and Bulgaria was elected as the protector of the interests of the Soviet Union in Israel. But the governments of Eastern Europe did not cut their political ties with Israel. Despite the cessation of relations, after the death of Stalin, the leaders of Israel sent condolences to the Soviet Union. The leaders of the Soviet Union also closed the plot of doctors' conspiracy. By liberating physicians that most of them were Jews they were renounced. Relations between the two countries gradually improved. On July 20, 1953, relations between the two countries began formally. Israel agreed not to join any alliance against the Soviet Union. The Soviet leadership also affirmed the friendship relations. After the Israeli attack on the Jordanian border in response to the Palestinian attack, members of the Security Council condemned Israel's action in August 1953, but the Soviets did not give it a positive vote. In December 1953, Israel demanded the right for Soviet Jews to immigrate. Limited visas were issued for some Soviet Union's Jews and their families. Although economic relations gradually expanded between the two countries, energy exchange was one of the most important areas of these relationships. Israel paid less money than the world market for receiving oil from the Soviet Union, and the cost was not by dollars, but it was providing by lemon juice. With Stalin's death, the foreign policy of the Soviet Union continued to improve. Stalin's successors sought to improve relations with other countries.
They paid more attention to practical acts. The leaders of the Soviet Union tried to reduce their conflicts globally. The struggle to end the Korean War, Vietnam, and action to end military occupation of Austria, withdrawal from land claims against Turkey, the compromise and the improvement of relations with Yugoslavia in this area were significant. Israel was also keen on improving relations with the Soviet Union. Regarding the situation of the Jews in the Soviet Union, the Israeli authorities found it more appropriate to strengthen the immigration process. From 1941 to 1953, the Soviet Union did not have tendency against Israel in the United Nations, and sought to maintain the process of improving relations. But since 1954, alterations began.

Conclusion
Thus during the Cold War, after the Second World War until Gorbachev era, relations between the Soviet Union and Israel were basically influenced by the relations between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. During this period, necessarily what the United States achieved would mean lose for Soviet Union. Therefore, the Soviet Union tried to establish its relations with Israel on the basis of these considerations. The Soviet Union pursued its expansion of influence in the Middle East through the improvement and development of relations with Arab countries, especially the countries involved with Israel. Gorbachev transformed this attitude, and instead of dogmatic thinking in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, he moved towards a balance of interests within the framework of a flexible foreign policy. The Soviet leaders viewed the improvement of relations with Israel as an influencing factor in US foreign policy and its elements. From this view, facilitating the process of Jewish immigration could have positive consequences in the United States and the effective mechanisms of power. In the course of the Cold War, the situation of the Jews and their migration was raised as one of the important indicators of US-Soviet relations, also the Soviet Union-Israel relations. The nature and extent of the immigration of the Jews from the Soviet Union, and attitude of the Soviet Union with the demands of the Jewish immigration and, essentially, their living conditions in this country, was one of the most important issues of the Soviet Union's discussions with the United States and Israel. In the final years of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev put these relations in a path of serious transformation because he was under the influence of economic needs of the country, end of the arms race, and the reduction of the military burden on the economy of the Soviet Union.