Islamic Revolution of Iran and revision of its theories

When Islamic revolution triumphed in the late 70 the issue of revolution's theories, such as theorizing on fundamental political and social theories in many academic circles were the main subject so, different theories and approaches in relation to explaining why revolution happened had provided. We must see when the Islamic Revolution came to victory, how was the world and academic circles viewing this great social revolution and how were explaining it? In 1979, the known book naming the governments and social revolutions was published by Scotch Bridge; Scotch was regarded as the founder and the most important theorist of the revolution in modern times. He, by offering a state-centric view, emphasized on the importance of macro-socio-political structures and the role of international factors ,and also, by repeating the words of Wendell Phillips under the theme of "revolutions will come while, is not being made", he is considered the founder of an important approach in the studies of Islamic Revolution. In Late 70, which is the time when psychological approaches of people like James Davis and Ted Robert's and traditional function-oriented approach was retreating and Marxist-inspired approaches, based on the greatest government construction and the role that governments play in the revolutions, had achieved more popularity. What is important in Scotch Paul's speech and his followers is the issue of the government collapse and the entrance of revolutionaries to the bureaucracy and gaining political power. This Famous statement that "revolutions are not made but come" is the indicator of this structural aspect of revolutions. In these circumstances, the Islamic revolution achieves victory so; After the Islamic revolution in 1982, Scotch Paul wrote his first review on his theory and noted its weaknesses as well as shortcomings then, by the victory of Islamic Revolution two major subjects revived in sociology. The traditional discussion and the way of their relationship in other words, with this expression that the revolutions come or is made, it was raised and the dispute that existed in several decades in social science and construction relationship, was resumed so, the Subject of beliefs, symbols and beliefs in explaining the Revolution in the late 1970s and early 1980s, was major structural approach and dominant in explaining revolutions, and so, gradually, the role of culture , ideology and social beliefs in explaining the revolutions had been forgotten. But the Islamic Republic of Iran and, to a lesser extent the Nicaraguan Revolution, the question regarding political and social ideologies and beliefs were raised again in the academic world and issues such as social networks, conceptual frameworks, resource mobilization, and Etc. ,again, comprised in the literature of the Revolution. Scotch Bridge, in division of the revolution belongs to the third generation of theoreticians, a generation that has developed a fourth generation within itself on the other hand, this new generation under the influence of the criticisms made the third generation, and have been formed. As a result, the way of forming a bottom-up movement in Iran and the role of cultural concepts and ideology and especially religion is considerable. In principle, the fourth generation of revolutionary theories, has largely been created in response to the revolutionary developments, in the Third World, and particularly, the Islamic Revolution's especial features, so the fourth generation of theorists such as Goodwin, Fvrn, Crawley and Gladstone pointing out to several problems: the issue regarding mutual culture relation to this concept that the constructions born doers and produce them vice versa ,doers are also producer of constructions and finally these two, reproduce and fix each other. The fourth generation of the Revolution's theorists , despite the fact that they are very loyal to their constructionism –based frameworks , the government's central role and international variables, but, they reserve a position for the factor of culture. Along with accident happening in the real world ,such as Islamic Revolution, in the academic world ,itself, from one side epistemological changes are shaping so, under the influence of the sets of these socio-political changes, and on the other side, three types of approaches have appeared so far as, these approaches spacing radical constructivists . This Approach of Scotch Paul's pupils involves new structuralisms so, as it was said, it pays attention to the idea of culture and ideology in theories of revolution. This approach is the result of discourse analysis approach and is considered as changes that have appeared in the literature of social science and post-modern therefore, in this approach mainly the fundamentals of epistemology regarding social science is questioned and because of that, this approach is not going to represent public analysis about Revolution and social movements. This tendency to some extent is the resource mobilization in fact, is a process approach and its tendency is more to Islamic processes and less thinks about the revolution's long term objectives. This three approaches, from one side is owe to the fundamental changes which shaped in social science and on the other side, is influenced by revolutionary changes in Iran so, if we want to investigate the issues more closely, and discuss how the theory of doer and construction is entering theorization, we must discuss culture, Ideology, from three points of view
The culture for a group like neo- constructivists is not considered an important element for creating revolution so, from this point of view, the cultures' main role is related to the community life after revolution. This group mainly pays attention to this problem that how after the revolution, the culture by dominant elites and, to fix revolutionary regime as well as revolutionary institutions is used however; this group views culture and ideology as tool. Some people study culture and ideology as a cultural structure which contrary and variation is inside it so, according to this group, the culture is not a unified whole but, that is variation and contrary and this cultural structure either in the revolution's process or after the revolution by revolutionary elites for the debacle of dominant power and ruling of a new regime will be useable. The third group considers ideology as a set of concepts and symbols that existing mystery and ambiguity in it, regarded as the main reason of ideological unity in the revolutionary process, in other word, ideological unity is the main result of this secret impurity and vagueness of ideologies' impurities which in fact, is considered intrinsic for ideology so, in fact, that poem of Molavi is true here, that says " every one by his own guessing became the friend of mine". The latest view is more effective one and one of the known researchers has investigated it regarding Islamic Revolution of Iran and the third , it is being tried to investigate not only the role of culture and ideology in the causes of the revolution but also, in the process and even the result of Revolution. Anyway, Islamic Revolution in theoretical domain had two gifts; the first is returning concepts of culture and ideology and re-concerning of working and human-centered explanations, the second is that, Evaluating the results and achievements of a revolution requires a long time elapsing but, the Islamic Revolution, in this respect, is rather an exception and its results and its outcomes sooner than other revolutions, has been discussed. This is partly due to the nature of the Islamic Revolution and its constituent elements. In general, the study of the revolutions in general and Islamic Revolution in particular is very limited, However, in recent years there have been either a kind of internal look at the academic research or out ward look, which was common in last two decades, and gradually was put aside so, recently, suitable time conditions are provided that by them, we can guide the center of socio-political surveys toward the issue of Islamic Revolution. The issues that seem appropriate to discuss and limited research which has been done on them are like , the government's structure and its changes after the Revolution , the relation of the government and the society and social movement , economical and social credit of different classes. Now, we must apart from valuable umpiring and ideological one, investigating scientific and socio-economical achievements of Islamic Revolution. From view point of international variations also, history and outcomes of Islamic Revolution has been investigated as theory and comment. The available surveys regarding international results of Islamic Revolution is completely without theorizing and, there is not acceptable and theory- centered job in this regard. Generally, we can say that returning to culture and ideology regarding social movements made us to pay more attention to key concepts such as identity, collective values and socio- political symbols of the actors. May be, the next decade, is a decade in which we space this theory and concept that a theory suffices all revolutions. Most of the researchers believing that the period of theory and theorizing has generally ended and, trying to generalize a theory or comment to different revolutions is something useless, on the other hand, it is the time that each revolution, in its context, and in respect to the level of understanding the present political elites have in the process of revolution regarding socio-political realities, is being discussed and analyzed