Relationship between Quran and the culture of the darkness era

Introduction:

Relationship between Quran and the culture of the darkness era is one of new matters in the area of studying Quran and is highly important because a logical and reasonable stand with this matter can reveal the secrets of the verses related to the beliefs and the customs of Arabic people in darkness era and help us to understand and interpret Quran better.
The background of the matter among orientalists:
The west of the earth is interested in the idea of the effect getting of the holy books from the culture of darkness era. Studying the distorted texts of the current Bible and analyzing their history, the western scientists have concluded that the Bibles were written by some persons (such as Merghes, Lugha, Meti,Yuhena, …) and they wrote these texts years after the era of Hazrat Isa inspiring from the culture of their era. Ayan Barbur claims that some parts of Turat Book were written eight hundred years after Hazrat Musa(1) Even the event of the decease of Hazrat Musa and his funeral ceremony has been mentioned in Turat Book.(2) The holy book is against science in different cases and is combined with superstitions and inner conflicts.
Some writers write about this case (3)
'' According to the reality that the holy books of the current time and the ancient time are the understanding, the interpretation and the interests of hundreds persons, according to Ghamus, the holy book(4) was written during a thousand and five hundred years, with different motivations; hence, it is natural that these writings include a lot of conflicts.
Although some try to prove the validity and the reliability of different books (5), they know that this attempt is futile and express that matters expressed in this book are not acceptable at all (6).
The idea of effect getting from the culture of darkness era about the holy book could be somewhat true. Later it was transferred to Quran through orientalists and the complete effect getting of Quran from Christian and Jewish cultures was presented in Al-Arab Island in the time of the advent of the Islam.
For the first time, Abrahim Giger introduced the sources of Quran in monotheism, Sharia and the way of expressing Jewish matters in the book'' Muhammad has taken something from Jewish Texts'' in 1863. Giger became the head of the ideas related to Quran.
A lot of attempts were done to introduce that Quran was Christian.
The idea of the effect getting of Quran from the culture of darkness era (whether Jewish and Christian cultures especially in the aspect of the elements of the culture of Arab of darkness era) led to the analysis of writings of contemporary writers of the Islam and it faced to agreeable persons and opponents that will be mentioned.
The history of the discussion among the Muslims:
The doubt of the effect getting of Quran from the environment of the prophet is rooted in the thought of some Arabic people around the beginning of the Islam. They believed that the prophet collected Quran according to the previous fictions common among people; in other words, it was influenced by the fictions of the time.
Hence, we can say that the matter of relationship between Quran and the culture of darkness era is rooted in the interpretations of Quran from the beginning of the Islam until now because most of interpreters of Quran have discussed and analyzed some aspects of this matter in interpreting some verses of Quran although they have not used the term '' Quran and the culture of darkness era''. For example, interpreters have usually expressed matters in relation to the culture of darkness era along with the verses related to darkness era.
ظَنَّ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، (7)حُكْمَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ،)8( حَمِيَّةَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ،،)9( تَبَرُّجَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ
They have referred to the social features and the morals and the beliefs of Arab in the matters of the rank of descending.
يَسْألونَكَ عَنِ الْأَهِلَّةِ قُلْ هِيَ مَوَاقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ وَالحَجِّ وَلَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ ظُهُورِهَا وَلَكِنَّ الْبِرِّ مَنِ اتَّقَى‏ وَأْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِن أَبْوَابِهِا( Baghare Surah/ verse 189)
For example, according to this verse, it is said in the books of the rank of descending that according to the beliefs of Arab of darkness era (10), everyone that went to Hajj did not go there the door of the house, but they went there through the hole behind the door. The above verse has referred and rejected this habit of Arab of darkness era . In addition, some interpreters have accepted the reflection of the culture of darkness era in Quran and have been criticized by some interpreters.
الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ الرِّبَا لاَ يَقُومُونَ إِلاَّ كَمَا يَقُومُ الَّذِي يَتَخَبَّطُهُ الشَّيْطَانُ مِنَ الْمَسِّ( Baghareh Surah/ verse 275)
For example, Zomekhsheri (538 Gh) has written about the above verse '' the touch of Satan is from the imagination of Arabic people and Quran has been descended according to their belief (11).
But in contrast, poets have stood against this point of view (12).
In temporary era, books, articles and theses as the topic of Quran and the culture of darkness era have been written and some of them have been published.
The recognition of the meaning
a. The word '' culture'':
Since the basic pivot of the matter is the effect of the culture of darkness era, this word should be analyzed.

Different definitions have been presented about '' culture'' from the aspect of terminology and their number is over two hundred fifty (13).
In conclusion, according to the meanings of word and terminology, it can be said
'' Culture includes knowledge, point of views and the values of each nation that is reflected as sciences, art, beliefs, morals and customs on persons and the society.
Of course, in this writing, purpose from culture is the culture of Arab of the descending of Quran that is remembered as '' the culture of darkness era of Arab''. Of course, the culture of Arab of the era of descending includes Jewish and Christian cultures residing in Al-Arab Island apart from the matters of darkness era such as polytheism and worshipping idol.
b. The word '' world'':
This word means world and in this part, it can have two meanings:
1. The era of the descending of Quran: it means how Quran in relation to the culture of Arab of the era of descending has acted.
2. The current era: it means how Quran in relation to the culture of current time has acted.
In this writing, the former is intended. Wherever the culture of the world is used, the purpose is the culture of the era of the descending of Quran, the culture of the people of Al-Arab Island.
The culture of the world does not have time and place limitations, but it includes the culture of Al-Arab Island that was formed according to polytheism and worshipping idol. Moreover, it partly includes the culture of Jewish and Christian people residing in Al-Arab Island, especially Medina.
C. The word '' relationship'':
Different terms have been used about relationship between Quran and the culture of darkness era such as '' relationship'', '' reflection'', cooperation'', cause and effect'', '' getting effect'' and '' leaving effect''.
However, general purpose is how extent the verses of Quran have dealt with the reporting of knowledge, point of views and the tendencies of Arabic people in darkness era and how extent it has accepted, rejected or completed them.
Of course, it seems that the term '' relationship'' is more appropriate than other terms because there is no bias about it.
D. the word '' the language of the tribe''
The equivalence of this word has been mentioned in the fourth verse of Ibrahim Surah.
وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَا مِن رَّسُولٍ إِلَّا بِلِسَانِ قَوْمِهِ
The word '' lesan ghom'' is translated as '' the language of the tribe''; there are different interpretations about it.
First: the language of tribe in the meaning of the word of the tribe:
The word '' lesan'' basically means '' tongue'' as an organ of the mouth for speaking and it also means '' word''(14). It has been interpreted as the word that each prophet speaks with his people (15).
Second: the word '' the language of the tribe'' also means words along with meaningful and cultural associations that provide the means of communicating with others (16).

The language of the tribe in the meaning of the word of the tribe refers to the way of thinking of the tribe. In the language of the tribe, swears, comparisons, and … are used. In other words, the language of the tribe reflects the culture and the literature of darkness era. The matters of Quran are not in contrast with reality and it does not use false and unscientific matters.
Third: the language of the tribe in the meaning of wideness of the trains of Quran:
Some emphasize '' not only Islam but also its culture is in Arabic Language''.
Different examples from Quran (such as camel, date, pomegranate, lunar calendar, the winter and the summer migration of Ghoreish Tribe, Arabic languages and …) can be concluded that the color, odor, manners, grimness, custom and environment of Arabic persons have circled the central core of Islamic thought (17).
Analysis: According to the above matters, since the word '' the language of the tribe'' has been interpreted in different ways, it is not appropriate to be used in scientific matters.
Of course, it seems that the first point of view is appropriate about the meaning of the language of the tribe and the second point of view is appropriate, but the third point of view is not appropriate. In relation to the second point of view (relationship between Quran and the culture of darkness era), we analyses and criticizes the second meaning in relation to the language of the tribe and in relation to the third point of view (passive relationship between Quran and the culture of darkness era), we explain the second meaning and analyze and criticize the third meaning. E. The word '' ignorance'':
The root of this word is from '' jahl'' that means stupidity. Some believe that this word was used in Quran for the first time (18).
This word has been used in four verses and refers to four features of this era.
First: the era that there were deviations in the way of thinking, point of view toward the world and God knowing.
يَظُنُّونَ بِاللّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ(Ale Umran/ verse 154)
Second: The era that there were deviations in enacting rules.
أَفَحُكْمَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ يَبْغُونَ وَمَنْ أَحْسَنُ مِنَ اللّهِ حُكْماً لِقَوْمٍ يُوقِنُونَ( Maaede Surah/ verse 50)
Third: The era that there were moral deviations.
إِذْ جَعَلَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فِي قُلوبِهِمُ الْحَمِيَّةَ حَمِيَّةَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ(Fath Surah/ verse 29) (19)
Four: the era that there were deviations in behaviors and customs:
قَرْنَ فِي بُيُوتِكُنَّ وَلاَ تَبَرَّجْنَ تَبَرُّجَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ الْأُولَى Ahzab Surah/ verse 33) )
source:
1. Science and the religion, Ayan Barbur, translated by Khoramshahi p 130
2. Holy book, Tasnie Travel,chapter 34
3. Taken from the interpretation of the language of Quran, Saeidi Roshan p 169
4. Ghamus, the holy book, introduction
5. Tisen, art, theology, Christian pages 50-60
6. Tisen, art, theology, Christian page 69
7. Ale Umran Surah/ verse 154
8. Maede Surah/ verse 50
9. Fath Surah/ verse 26
10. Tafsir Majma Al-Bayan, Lebab Al-Noghul Fi Asbab Al-Nozul , Siouti, p 32, and Al-Mafsal Fi Tarikh Al-Arab, Javad Ali v 6 p 371
11. Ahzab Surah/ verse 33
12. Al-Tafsir Al-Hadith Tartib Al-Sur Hasb Al-Nozul v 6 p 500
13. The foundation of sociologist , the word of culture p 117
14. Majam Meghais Al-Loghe , Ibn Fars Al-Loghe and Al-Tahghigh Fi Kalemat Al-Quran A- Karim, Mostavafi Made Lesan
15. Majma Al-Bayan v 4 p 39 and Atib Al-Bayan v 7 p 359, and Nemune v 10 p 266
16. Quran and the culture of darkness era pages 63 and 180
17. Kian Magazine NO 42 P 11
18. Kian Magazine NO 42 P 11
19. Bolugh Al-Arab Fi Marefe Ahval Al-Arab v 1 p 15 and the historical history of the Islam v 1 p 154