The history of Persian language in constitutional revolution

Perhaps in no country as much as Iran, the evolution of literature in the present century has been closely linked with social and political volatility. This expression of political and literary correlation since beginning of a new literary movement as well as century is being seen. However, we can divide the history Iran in the last sixty years [i.e the constitution era up to forties] into three major political, and each of these steps has brought about a literature very in tune with their own quality:
1. The revolution era and after the revolution up to the coup of Reza Khan (1323-1339 AH / March 1299);
2. The era of Reza Shah’s reign (1299-1320 Solar;
The increasing contact with the West, with the escalation of modernity songs, the political awakening of the people, promoting the need for reform in the political and legal life of the country, forces motivating constitutional movement and changes before the 1299 coup are regarded as actions done. In the early nineteenth century, ill-considered concessions to foreigners, borrowing constant loans from Russia and the general deterioration of the country increased people's distrust to the system. Therefore, the triumph of nationalism and strong support of Clergymen encouraged people to demand more reforms. In addition to these factors, the first Russian revolution in 1905 also affected the developments in Iran, since they tend to incite the masses in the Caucasus region. The people there, in addition to the proximity of also shared the same blood and religion with Iranians. Hence, any political movement among them was inevitably reflected in Iran, as well. Baku’s press, especially the comic newspaper that contained aspects of the Muslim community falling back, by their own, helped social and political awakening of Iranian people. In addition, representatives from the Caucasus came to Persia and these, especially in the northern states, have played an active role in political change.

Constitutional Revolution began by an equity request to forma type of revolution. But, gradually when the movement speeded up momentum, people boosted their aspirations and National Assembly sought the Constitutional revolution. Muzaffar al-Din Shah as autocratic monarchy soon succumbed; constitutionalism was granted and the rule of law was proclaimed and the first parliament opened in Sha’ban, 1324.
This popular and general celebration still had not ended that Russia and England signed the nasty treaty of 1907 and divided it into three “influential area”. The Russia area in the north, England area in the west and an area among them, the new Shah (Mohammad Ali Shah, who seated on the throne of Dhu al-Hijjah 1324) attempted to bring back the last tyranny, and with the help of Cossacks and Russian officers targeted the new parliament where they held a meeting. Therefore, the autocracy once again dominated, the rule of law was suspended and free newspapers were suppressed. National or reputable leaders were murdered or fell and bonds and imprisoned; or fled or inevitably sat aside in the foreign embassies.
But the people savored the taste of freedom were not willing to abide the old system. Then, valiantly took up arms and fought to defend the Constitution. Tabriz was under siege for nine months, two separate forces in Rasht and Isfahan and unrest revolution occurred in many parts of the country. The conflict took a long time, many people were killed, but the victory was finally by the constitutionalists. These joint forces attacked from the north and south to Tehran, Shah was deposed and the parliament was re-opened by 1327 AH.
This evil that was cut off people, it was supposed that they finally have the opportunity to live in peace and trying to organize their own troubled country. But, during four next years , they were dealing with some types of troubles caused by some of the proponents of the deposed Shah and on the other hand the conflicts of Russia and England was created in the internal country affairs. The history of Iran in these tumultuous years is composed of disturbances of consecutive years among rebellions of the tribes, princes and former minister, the robing of bandits, killing villagers, and opposition show of strength, local conflicts, political assassinations, famine, robbery and conspiracy against the government.
The arrival of new Russian groups - initially under the pretext of dismantling the siege of Tabriz - to the north of Iran and their violent acts, added to the internal instabilities. Aside from the Russian, Ottoman troops were stationed on the borders of north-western Iran and on the south by Great Britain government decree, small groups of Hindi soldiers had come to land. Following this operation, the Russians and the British sent a series of ultimatum to the Iranian government have been introduced various requests. The National Assembly, however, stood firm and banned offering privileges to foreigners so that, according to the Times Newspaper, Russia came to the conclusion that "the existence of the Parliament contradicts the interests of the country". Finally, the clashes between Iranian and Russian forces broke out in different parts of the Northern states. Tabriz was bombed heavily and the Russians committed some oppressions that Edward Brown explains them in the book of the press and Poetry in Iran.
The killing of the prominent citizens and the patriots and hanging them up in the public and in many cases the exploded the houses of the victims by Dynamite. In addition, shooting the holy shrine of Imam Reza in Mashhad on March 29, 1912 [9 Persian date Farvardin 1291], where in thin that event many innocent people, including local and the pilgrims, were killed was regarded as the height of this disaster and left behind a painful effect throughout the Islamic world indescribability.
The second Assembly, under foreign pressure, was dissolved in 1330 AH. However, during the next three years, according to Brawn, "the Iranian cabinet ministers could not maintain their position without the approval of the embassies of Russia and Britain, let alone to do that." Therefore, the outbreak of plague in 1332 AH and then the fire break out of the First World War, where Iran sustained a severe harm by declaring neutrality and added these great political tragedies.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 reduced of the pressures of that country on Iran. In fact, the Bolsheviks to show their goodwill to the Iranian people and revoked Czarian contracts exposed and condemned the nature of them. But this policy change did not improve the situation in Iran, because revolutionary come-and-go and counter-revolutionaries because they have come in the Caucasus and in the Caspian Sea coast, and the fact that our country has to respond to some corridors crossing the English forces against the Russian revolutionaries, and finally the decision of the Bolsheviks to bring Iran revolution carousel, made the situation worse.
Another disturbing factor was the attitude of some English officials who thought that after the war and the German defeat, and by the new policy of the Soviet Government, Great Britain has remained unrivaled in Iran. Then, they resorted to the agreement 1919 before and tried to make the Iranian government accept it. Under this contract – as it was issued by the parliament – Iran was regarded as a territory supported by United Kingdom. However, in any event, some in the Britain and even the scope under their rule in Iran interpreted that this state is to the advantage of Iran and it is an opportunity to reform financial system, essential social services and security that at that time was gone out
Tabriz and Rasht riots and unrests guided the country at that time up to the brink of civil war. However, Turmoil and the collapse of social order finally culminated in the Persian coup 1299 that was the forerunner of the reign of Reza Shah.
Revolution Literature
The Times has described the literature of these years in an acceptable way as "Literature Revolution". The Author says:
Since the late nineteenth century, target authoritarianism has been the target of those who feel this government is depriving people of democracy benefits. A system that permits the gap between rich and poor situation is severely criticized and dangerous accusation of serious corruption and inefficiency of the bureaucracy has come. The most popular literature of educated Iranian revolution, not only because that would correct the inaccuracies, but because it uses a new language and has the pleasant taste of the live reality.
Revolutionary literature, since the beginning of the Constitutional Movement up to the coup by Reza Khan, was more like poetry and essays. However, years after the Revolution, in terms of the extraordinary flowering of journalism worth observing; For example, in 1325 AD, immediately following the award of constitutionalism Eighty-four newspapers appeared in Iran. Almost all these newspapers, or moderate, or liberal and revolutionary in its tendencies, sought to open the eyes of the rulers to the villainess of autocratic rule and hence, tried to open the eyes of the people to bad wishes of the ruler the former government as well as the benefits of constitutional democracy. The new system is trying to keep safe. Importantly, according to Professor Littman, was this:
When Iran elected parliamentary constitutional government in 1906, according to the medieval theory of traditional government passed into a modern military theory and understanding between the Western without changes, or undergoing any adjustment in the West during the gradual transition from feudalism to the current idea of evolution.
The movement's leaders were aware of this problem. However, were hopeful in their enthusiasm for progress and reform so that they can make people move and make it one mind with constitutional ideal.
Press and poets
One of their weapons to achieve this goal was the press that after the Constitution release had been declared, and other was poetry and poetizing that has long been the most effective means of arousing the masses.
This combination was so powerful that most poets of the time had joined journalism career. However, people like Mamalek, M.E, Iraj M.J, and some others became known at this era. In the early stages of major newspapers almost every day about domestic and foreign policy were being published in advance. However, it got to the point that some presses truly "events epistle of important political events" was read.
However our intent here is neither discussing journalism nor poetry because both disciplines are out of the scope of this article. Fortunately, these two aspects of the new Iranian literature, in contrast to most other respects, have been studied in detail. If we want to name all books and treatises have been written about these two issues, it will become "oceans of ink”. In addition, many of these things are mere anthology of poems and do not count.
Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
A particularly noteworthy exception has been string of nonsenses and humorous articles written by Ali Akbar Dehkhoda (1297 AD - 1334 AD) and signed by Dekhour and published in the newspaper Sour Israfil. Dehkhoda was the son of a prominent owners of Qazvin, was born in Tehran and studied there. He was graduated from law and Political science school and then moved to Europe, learned French language and about two years lived abroad, mostly in Vienna, friendly. At the beginning of the Constitutional Movement returned to Iran and helped Mirza J. Khan, Mirza Q. Shirazi to publish Sour Israfil. The newspaper is one of the most influential publications of the time. The newspaper was one of the most influential publications of the time. After the parliament dissolution Mohammad A. Shah, Dehkhoda and a group of other freedom-loving Iranians were deported to Europe and Dehkhoda tried to resume publication of the Sour Israfil in Switzerland, but was not able to publish more than three numbers