The process of reforms and the collapse of the Ottoman

Reform seeking in the governance
Mahmoud the second had ambition in the reconstruction of national reform that had its roots in the era of Sultan Selim III, but in the first year of the reign of Mahmoud, a secret alliance between "Russia" and the Ottoman regarding the division of Europe and intrusion prevention of "English" and plan to divide the Ottoman Empire was signed, though they had territorial dispute with each other. On the other hand, the Premier of England over "French" because of the Napoleonic wars, led to the entry of the country into the era of imperial power and naval superiority and global capitalism. The need for security and maritime trade between East and West is a convergence of commerce and created economic cooperation between the two empires. It should be noted that encouraging states of "Britain" and the Ottoman Empire for the economic relations under the direction and push of capitalism and oligarchy network was related to the powerful Jews. In fact, they took over political positions, including the court of the Ottoman Empire, by covering trade dynamic and economic growth, and conducted their Zionist policies in line with the court ruling Jews of "Britain".
This development is in the link with name of Sir Stratford Canning. Canning with the support of her cousin, George Canning (Secretary of State) was a member of the British Foreign Ministry in 1186 AD and in the following year for the first time he traveled to "Istanbul" as a peacemaker between "Russia" and Ottoman. He was considered as the most influential European diplomat in connection with the court and the Ottoman state from this time to end of his life (October 14, 1880). Cosmopolitan network of Jewish merchants in the Ottoman is the influential force that Sir Stratford Canning and other diplomats and intelligence agents of British had established their authority on the bed. The British government had seriously relied on the Jewish Information Network in matters relating to the Ottoman and in the words of Richard Davis; it was relying on Rothschilds' international networks and their services. Clever and far-reaching influence of Zionism in the Sultan Mahmoud II' government issues encouraged him to sweeping reforms in the Ottoman Empire. Setting the slogan of a new reform at top of Sultan Mahmoud's agenda was considered as the design of a soft and off plan, which was implemented over time.
The subversion, during period of Mahmoud the second in shelter of reform slogan could enter Western technocrats and Liberal Democrats into the cycle of government and the traditional elites and public supporters of government, the ulema (clerics), Janissary (the protective guards) and upper (certified merchants) were limited or destroyed.
By the time of the reign of Mahmoud II, "Greece" gained independence in the 1211 (1832M) with the support of the West after the various events that were known as the issue of East. Mahmoud also in continue of hid reforms destroyed Janissary Corps according to a predetermined plan, and started a vast unleashed destruction of them, and also the Bektashi sect was disbanded who cooperated with Janissary in war and in times of rebellion and its leaders were executed and power of the ulema was greatly reduced and European dresses and hats were popular.
He then formed a national army named Mohammadi winner soldiers a new war uniform was designed and approved. Mohammad Ali Pasha, ruling "Egypt", at this time stimulating factors of "England" invaded "Syria" and intended to capture "Istanbul", but the king of invoked "Russia". Western powers started opposing Muhammad Aloi due to fear from Russia's influence. He, who still insisted on the war and occupation, ignored international warnings, so the British naval fleet attacked Egypt and Muhammad Ali accepted peace. In 1218, the Sultan Mahmoud died and his son Abdul Majid, who was only 16 years old, became caliphate. Abdul Majid the First, in the first year of the caliphate in 1218. SH (1839 AD) issued the famous command noble line of Golkhane as a constitutional document, which was in fact the socio-political reality of the constitution to ensure the rights of citizens.
The era was known as the adjustment period due to legal freedoms granted in the form of noble handwriting or greenhouse document, which was issued by Abdul Majid the First. Banking and economic legislation continued, as well as criminal civil trials were based on Islamic principles, which were seeking help from western practice, and thus legal, culture, trade, economy and even politics areas were evolved. In the period of ABDUL MAJID, the West wing influenced in the Ottoman Empire, in the name of reform or the setting started destroying the political, cultural and social considerations of this issue. At the head of this movement was Masonic Mustafa Rashid Pasha (1800-1858M) who was under the influence and guidance of Stratford Canning ambassador of "Britain" acted in the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Rashid present as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire for a while in "Paris", then he was the Ottoman ambassador in "London" in 1835 AD. From this date he has contacts with Palmerston (British Foreign Secretary) and Masonic Zionist network, and crossed progress way in the Ottoman Empire quickly. He first became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1838 and later in 1846 AD, he became a chancellor. In this time, wealth and power was exclusively in the hands of bureaucrats and patents were in the hands of Western companies. Limited public participation in politics and civil society were lost.
This trend continued until the Sultan Abdul Majid died at age 38 in 1240 (1861) and his brother Abdul Aziz succeeded him. In the era of Abdul Aziz, western educated ones in entered governmental institutions and democracy of western liberalism was introduced.
King also traveled to the two major European capitals, "Paris" and "London". in such a situation in the year 1246. SH (1867 AD). Another of his actions was moving the center of the caliphate of the Sublime Porte (the political center of government) to the House. Encouraging to emulate the West by new arrivals in government led her imitation of political management in the West continue to begin procedures such as borrowing from foreign banks, railway facilities, and foreign investment. . .
But as Abdul Aziz and demons had no control over the macro economy, he left the state government without the backing of the currency and economic system finally dragged into bankruptcy. As the crisis led to unrest and revolution in 1876 AD, in areas under Ottoman influence in the "Balkans".
On the other hand, the severe suppression of the rebels by the Ottoman provoked European anger. Gladstone (1809-1898M), later became prime minister of "England", who wrote an article about the Bulgarian violations related to the Ottomans in European newspapers for exaggerated reflects. This movement led to the destruction of the political landscape in Turkey at international level.
Zionist subversion in the riots instigated by Jewish and Ottoman young Medhat Pasha, along with seminary students with support and fatwa that was from the Grand Mufti, could dethrone Abdul Aziz due to the political mistakes and using public money in 1255. SH (1876 AD).
The first son of Abdul Hamid, Murad V, who was the nephew of Abdul Aziz, was elected to the throne at the age of 47 at the request of the rebels who were led by Medhat Pasha.
He was imprisoned during the reign of Abdul Aziz and had confusion of mind, a few months later depose was died and it was confirmed that he committed suicide.
Rebels, who had no choice but to accept Son of Abdul Majid, Abdul Hamid II, chose him to the throne in 1255 AD under conditions and commitments.
Abdul Hamid also accepted the conditions of adherence to the Constitution and the exercise of power by consultants and retention clerk, was the rule of the Ottoman Empire. However, he had other thought and temporarily tolerated Midhat Pasha as his grand vizier.
Abdul Majid's behavior indicates his adherence to the cause of reform and Sultan constitutional. After years of war between "Russia" and the Ottoman, "Istanbul" was threatened and conquest. Britain, which was already committed to support Turkey, did not undertake any action and concluded that treaty of San Stefano was signed on behalf of Russia between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1257.
In protest against the treaty, the Congress of European leaders in the modulation of the Treaty and shortening the Russia of the "Balkans" was held. Therefore, the Treaty of Berlin in 1257 was ending to the independence of the states "Serbia", "Macedonia", "Bulgaria" and "Romania". At the same time, Lord Salisbury, the British foreign minister in the years (1876-1880M) believed in destroying of the Ottomans and dividing their territories between the government and stakeholders. This was a solution raised by Salisbury to the problem East. The solution said in 1257. SH (1878 AD) at the start of the conference in Berlin, where the Ottoman lands in the "Balkans" was divided. This solution was raised following the killing of Armenians and rebel rose up in the "Crete" against the Ottomans. Events that led to the war between the Ottoman and the "Greece" in 1276. Sun (1897); Salisbury's suggestion was not agreed at the time in "Europe", because the government "German" did not agree with it and supported the Ottoman.
Medhat Pasha, who was over the anger and hatred of Abdul Hamid, was deposed and exiled from position of chancellor by Abdul Hamid, and finally he was murdered in 1263 AD.
On the other hand, Abdul Hamid that saw the Parliament agents as puppets in hands of new Ottoman Association, in 1256 AD, he issued order of the dissolution of the Ottoman parliament.
But six months later, he revived it, hoping it would be the nobility, but due to hostilities of ministers and representatives with Pashahay and Ottoman Empire, more differences were apparent and the Constitution, which revolved around the House prospered, was removed from the political scene by Abdul Hamid due to the influence of forum new Ottoman.
After that, Abdul Hamid personally took the flag of reform. In this way he restored "Malchijah School", which was the first university of higher education to handle the empire.
He also developed "Harbyeh" school or war university, as well as expanding vocational schools, and he founded "Istanbul University", and developed schools, reformed judicial laws, boomed the press, and strengthened finance and economic trends and monopolies and investments in the form of foreign debt Council.
In the field of foreign policy, due to the uncertainty to powers such as "Russia", "French", "English" to Trilogy Empire unite turned away including "Austrian", "Germany" and "Ottoman".
In the meantime, Bismarck, who saw him sentence between the Ottoman Empire and Europe and was famous as honorable dealer for the Ottoman Empire during the Congress of Berlin for the possession of British interest in "Middle East" was close to Abdul Hamid, and began modernization of the Ottoman military and went as far as the Union's Wilhelm visited the empire.
German supported construction of railway B B.B., "Berlin", "Baghdad" and "Basra". Construction of the railway in the past 8 years, the trust and respect of Muslims to Abdul Hamid arose. In the military field, in the year 1276, because of the Greek nationalist measures a war ensued between the Ottoman and "Greece", which ended in favor of the Turks after thirty days.
During the anti-security measures against Abdul Hamid in 1282 AH. SH (1903 AD) uprising trends in "Thessaloniki" again taking action against the Ottoman Empire, which was suppressed by the Turks dispatched troops. "Provinces of Macedonia" was the only European state under the Ottoman rule that rebelled against the Sultan in the year of 1287 (1908).