
Translator: Davood Salehan
Source: rasekhoon.net
Source: rasekhoon.net
Another theoretical prejudice that prevailed on Iranian new historiography was imagination of presence of a deep cultural, racial and civilization gap between Iran before and after Islam. Aryanism school had a major role in shaping the theoretical framework. It seems like that in pre-Islamic era there were two distinct cultural spheres of Aryan (Iranian) and Sami (in Saudi Arabia) and by the Arab invasion, Sami culture was backward and primitive, prevail on Aryan advanced culture and it destroyed an important part of heritage of Iranian civilization. This approach encompasses a wide range and its extremist fans know all the disasters in present Iranian society as a result of this violent Islam domination and the Arabs and domination of Semitic civilization over the Aryan civilization in general.
Many words can be said in critique of this theoretical model:
We only know one civilization in ancient times and the civilization is Middle East that starts from the Mediterranean and ends in the Iranian plateau.
In the civilization atmosphere different ethnic groups lived together which were close and did cultural and political business. Basically, there was no idea of the existence of two different civilizations of Semitic and Aryan and there was no such civilization difference. If we go back to motifs of ancient Assyrian we will see that it is very similar to the motifs of Persepolis. Abundant cypress, ornaments of cloths and hair make up. Mehrdad Bahar has an article, which is reprinted in his book of "from legend to history" that he has represented relativeness and similarity of religious and ethnic groups in the Middle East very well. Even the concept of Ahura Mazda was taken from the Assyrians by Iranians. Great God of Assyrians was called "Asuras Mezas" and his role was similar to the role of Ahura Mazda. Doctor Nagendranat Gauss also believes that the concepts of "Asuras" and "Ahura" and "Jehovah" are the same. In Assurbanipal inscription, the Assyrian and Persian gods are very similar to the extent that the match cannot be considered as a random thing. According to Fritz Hamel, the inscription proves that "Mazda" is the "Asuras Mezas" of Assyrians, and these Gods like Jehovah are the Gods of Israel; the God who loved his people and kings received their power from him. Indian Doctor Goss notes that the term "Ahura" in later times entered India Moghy faith of Iran, not vice versa. Doctor Krishna Banerjee, who was of eminent Brahmin families Calcutta and was a prominent linguist and lived in the late nineteenth century, is the first person who declared that the concept of Ahura in the Rig Veda is taken from the concept of "Asuras" of Assyrians. Even Aunvala, Indian Zoroastrian scholar, writes that the motif of a winged man and winged circle, which is frequently seen in ancient Iranian motifs and the most famous motif is Ahura Mazda in the inscriptions of the Achaemenid period, as well as motif of Eagle and eagle like human is an architectural - religious tradition in the Middle Eastern. The religious symbolic motif appeared for the first time in third and second millennia BC, in Egypt and then it was introduced to Assur by merchants of Canaan. Image of "Assur", the god of the Assyrians, is also like Ahura Mazda as a winged man which is very similar to the Achaemenids. Achaemenids adopted the motif from the Assyrians, just as Assyrians adopted the symbol of "Ashur" from "Horus" (Hur), the Egyptian sun god.
It is true that during the Achaemenid, Persia was the cradle of its most flourishing civilization of it time, but the civilization was not limited to the current geographical region of Iran and its people. The Syrians lived in the regions of Syria and Mesopotamia that had a long history of civilization and for Aramaic handwriting innovation, their contribution to the human civilization is very high. Aramaic people were businessmen and civilized and therefore their handwriting became international. Even when the Aramaic land was occupied by the Assyria, Aramaic handwriting not only did not disappear, but its scope was extended by the State of Assure. And later the handwriting became Achaemenid government official handwriting. Usually it is assumed that Achaemenid handwriting was cuneiform, hhile it is not true. Cuneiform inscriptions are very few and cuneiform handwriting was used only for writing inscriptions of the Achaemenid kings and its usage was completely abandoned in Parthian times. The official handwriting throughout the Achaemenid Persia was Aramaic handwriting. Even when Achaemenid conquered Egypt and Aramaic was also prevalent in this country. Therefore, Aramaic handwriting was known fully as a native handwriting for Achaemenid Persia, not an alien one. This handwriting also continued during the Parthian and Soluki in Iran and Pahlavi handwriting that was created in this period is a form of Aramaic handwriting. Another branch of the Aramaic handwriting is Nabataean script among Nabataeans and Arabic handwriting was taken from this branch. Aramaic teachers were in Iran till Sassanid period, for example, President of the Court is a person by the name of Abraham in Memento of Zariran. Avesta handwriting was created in the fourth and sixth centuries AD and was only used for religious texts and it was not official or common handwriting. We do not have anciet handwriting of Avesta. No inscription is available which belongs to pre-Islam in Avesta handwriting and it is interesting to note that all Avesta manuscripts belong to the last millennium AD and the oldest of them dates back to the year 1288 AD / 687 AH that coincide with the period of the Arghun khan Mongol.
This is a picture of a vast civilization that was limited to the Mediterranean Sea on one side and on the other side it met Central Asia and one of the common ground of it was Aramaic handwriting. Concealing and denying this connection and continuity is a strong historical humiliation in Iran's contemporary psychology of generations as if the Arabs (i.e. Muslims) destroyed "handwriting" and "Language" of their fathers and their ancestral by sword and imposed their language and handwriting. Aryanism school faked the great lie of history, with all its cultural and political huge implications in the nineteenth century and they promoted a certain network of Persian oligarchs and Jewish affiliates in contemporary Iran. With explanations mentioned before, it becomes clear that the conversion of Iranian people to Islam, no change occurred in handwriting, but the process of past continued. It means that today Iranians' handwriting that some claim is Arabic calligraphy and was forcibly imposed on Iran, is in fact the Persian handwriting and its mother is the Achaemenid era's Aramaic handwriting and Aramaic - Pahlavi handwriting in the Parthian and Sassanid era, and the handwriting was restructured in the early days of Islam in a cultural context of Persia in Mesopotamia. In other words, Kufic handwriting arose in Kufa as the oldest example of Arabic - Farsi script that in the early centuries of Islam it was the cradle of Persian culture.
Note that in contrast to the Aryan school propaganda, the Arabs cannot be known backward and uncivilized ethnic in the Sassanid era. In pre-Islamic era, Arabs were one of the most civilized nations of the time and two Nabataean centers in the West and Yemen in the southern were prosperous cultural and commercial centers and major commercial thoroughfare of East and West, which was not less important than Abrayshm road, passed from this route. City of Mecca was located in the middle of the cultural-business area. Petra, Nabataeans' capital is available and shows the cultural richness of the Arab nations. Note that Amrolqeis Nabati in his inscription which is known as "scroll of Om al-jamal" and is written in 267 AD has introduced himself as the king of all Arabs. This means that in the third century AD, the Nabataeans knew themselves "Arab" and referring "Arab" to all the peoples and governments of the Arabian Peninsula was common. It is interesting to note that the oldest writing on stone by the engraved name of "Allah" on it, belongs to the Nabataean Arabs and it is written in the third century AD. The inscription is known as "Om al jalal", that is written in the Nabataean handwriting and in the first row of inscription the tag (la ilaha ela allah(there is no God other than Lord)) is stated.
Whatever I mentioned makes it clear that the Iranians and the Arabs were completely interconnected and culturally relative before Islam. Persians were not strangers among the Arabs, and Arabs were not considered alien among the Iranians as well. Later we spoke about close link of Medes and Babylonians governments in Nebuchadnezzar's expedition to Egypt and Jerusalem and we said that in the Old Testament this campaign is known to be done by Persian riders and Chaldean generals, and we said that Nebuchadnezzar was friend of Iranians and savior of the people of Jerusalem and he was respected and revered by prophet Jeremiah. However, due to the prevalence of "Israelites" Nebuchadnezzar name became unpopular in our culture. Arabs and Iranians' relationship was so close in the Sassanid era that Arabs were involved even in the removal and installation of the Sassanid kings. A famous example is the story of Bahram Gur coming to reign. Bahram Gur, young son of Yazdgerd, claimed the throne of the Father. He, who grew up among the Arabs of Yemen from childhood, along with his coach and partner, Munther Tazi and a mass army of Arabs rushes in the Persia and negotiations start between "Arabic elders" and "Iranian elders" around Jahrom. Of course, this 30 thousand Arab people army and force of Bahram Gur forced "Forum" to negotiate; but protesting Bahram is not able to capture the throne by force, and despite military superiority finally deigned to the reasonable demand of "Forum". Heraldic is from Nasr bin Rabi'a's house that are also called "Bani Lakhm " and "Monazereh". The House above that Khurdadbeh has called "Arabs King", were rulers of Yemen and later, narrated by Tabari, Anushiravan made them King of all Arabs. Khosrow Parviz killed the last king of the dynasty, called Nu'man ibn Mundhir, extinct his government. Some historians have reported the cause of action as Naaman's conversion to Christianity.
Fortunately valuable book of Doctor Mohammad Mohammadi Malayeri has been recently published in three volumes, but it is a pity that this book has not been properly reflected and its respected scientist author, who is one of the senior professors of Tehran University, was not celebrated as he deserved. In this book Doctor Mohammad Malayeri mentiones many examples of the historical link of the Arabs and Iranians that in explaining how the Iranian converted to Islam and Islamic civilization emergence as a civilization that two ethnic elements of Iranian and Arab had a large share in it was so important. These serious investigations completely negate legends about Iranians forced conversion to Islam. In fact, Iranians becoming Muslim did not have a serious relationship with Arabs' expedition to Iran in the Caliph Omar era and the two events, as doctor Malayeri has noted, both in terms of causes and in terms of time of occurrence, are two separate incidents that unfortunately in our historiography they are mixed and have been shown as one same event.
/J