The most important challenges for the Islamic Revolution in the third decade

C) The evolution of the intelligentsia

Intellectual population growth is one of the other elements of the evolutionary structure. According to this theory, intellectual growth of each community is one of the important consequences of modernization and development. Symbols of intellectualism and its components are numerous and varied according to different viewpoints. According to a definition commonly used in Iran, intellectualism is a particular thought process that by tools of science and technology accepts the new expressions of civilization and rejects the old and traditional structures. In the purposes of this research, intellectual tendency is defined as intellectual scrambling of self to produce believe in a society and thinks on the basis of local and cultural realities and development of the society and does not necessarily agree with the fall of the traditional structures of the community . Accordingly, the intellectual plays an effective role in the political transformation of societies. Members of intellectual community include a diverse range such as students. Therefore, the more the number of students is in a society, the more active and stronger intellectuals are in the society. In addition, faculty members and university teachers are from other elements and symbols of intellectuals. In fact, one of the characteristics of developing countries and developed countries is having specialized cadres with higher education at MA and PHD levels. The group has a significant role in accelerating social changes and product of transformation and development in a developing community and society and it is itself a product of developed world and developing society. The number of researchers and scholars in a society reflects the development of the community and its product of development and renewal process. They also provide research and represent research projects, and have a very effective role in solving problems and removing obstacles to development. Presence of educational and research institutions also is also indicative of the process of change and development in a society. In a developing or developed society, the institutions in relation to other elements and former members including students, teachers, and others are natural and obvious. Institutions and intellectuals play especial role in society variations and changes. The intellectual spectrum gradually opposes traditional institutions and structures to challenge non-democratic and closed regimes. Huntington says in this regard: urban intellectual opposition to the government is not only common feature of modern societies, but it is also considered the character of almost any society undergoing modernization. In modern societies, students are usually the most active and the most important political force of the middle class. In the traditional political systems, university of capital is usually the focus of hostile and plotting approaches against the regime. Students opposing the government are the most severe symptoms of middle-class opposition because the opposition is very stable. The oppositions are not mostly rooted in material issues but they originate in mental insecurity, alienation and personal guilt and a strong need for sense of identity.
The urban middle class asks for national dignity, progress of national goal and opportunity to participate in the reconstruction of the society. These are idealistic goals and no government can really satisfy the requests. So the middle class elements cannot be calmed by "reform".
Students are more familiar with modern struggle and advanced nations of the West than others. There are two big gaps in their minds. A gap between modernization principles (equality, justice, community participation and economic well-being and fulfillment of them in their communities) and other gap is between current situation of advanced nations and the situation of their own society. Students and intellectuals of the society observe deep social differences with developed countries, and they are ashamed and alienated from society and constantly desire for complete reconstruction of society and being at the forefront of advanced nations. This group, which is isolated of traditional families and norms and behavior patterns, is committed to contraction modern abstract principles. Now we have to see what kind of changes did intelligentsia have in Iran society?
Unfortunately, we do not have accurate information since 1345. But in the periods after that statistics show rising of this class and proves the growth of these people. In the following sentences we will show steps of increase of the growth rate of any of the mentioned cases in diagram.
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Figure 1 student growth index (1355-75)
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Figure 2 university teaching staff development index (75-1355)
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Figure 3 Index of number of educational and research centers
The above statistics is solely owned by the government universities during the mentioned years. Moreover, Islamic Azad University in 1375, covered the number of 613 468 people. We should add number of teaching staff at Islamic Azad University in 1375, amounting to
18 228 people.
The rate of growth of higher education in Iran and educational centers of research that plays a direct and profound role in the formation of the intellectual currents in Iranian society, in recent years, and generally in the long process from 1355 until 1375, has surely increased and this class by deep influence on public opinion has changed insight and awareness of people and authorities, and has changed former tastes in society, in a peaceful background and this issue has accurate and complete relation with the theory of structure evolution.

D) Change in the class structure

Our society in the last 20 years was also scene of a great turbulence and extended shift in the composition of social classes that previous developments made its faces even more turbulent and removed stability elements and relative structural balance. Economic-social policies in past 20 years led to a huge increase of consumption-oriented middle class and the influx of a large section of society to the consumer market. However, since these policies were along with a volume much larger than the slogans, failed in providing psychology of social or political "Security" and "satisfaction" and in contrast it led to "insecurity" and stress and rush fever to promote in the social pyramid among the social groups. This sense of conflict that we can achieve a better situation and comparing their conditions with the better situation that others have achieved creates a sense of "being backwards".
Daniel Lerner, professor at Harvard University, knows the increase of gap between "expectations" and "facts" as one of the critical factors and social challenges. According to his theory, which is known as the formula of Lerner, deprivation feeling is product of the amount that human feels between his needs (expectations) and "achieved" things. Therefore, unconsidered policy could increase the wealth of the poor classes. While they will never get the feeling of well-being and even consider them more "disadvantaged" than in the past and they are always unsatisfied with the current status.
The emergence of this emerging class, since it was not formed based on planning and social engineering, is not focused on the creation of a middle class, i.e. it did not create the social groups that have stable and useful role in social and economic structures. On the contrary, this naturally leads to the accumulation of enormous amounts of pity capitals in the hands of many groups of members of the community. The owners of these funds were seeking to achieve two objectives: providing consuming needs, increase of capital and attempt to boost liquidity that led the upstart class into less hard and more profitable economy branches that at the same time did not requires knowledge and experience and that is how increase of middle class in Iran actually led to increase of an economic dealers and intermediaries involved in jobs related to consumer goods and services. The emergence of this large middle class rather than turning into the driving force of the economy production in Iran, it turned into a powerful factor to make economic structure of society corrupted. Promotion and growth of a culture of consumption and being dealer and fever of increasing wealth also had direct remarkable reflection on culture of the society. The result of this profound transformation was "de-construction" of society.
Increase of middle class did not remove the urban poor and rural classes, but it changed the composition and quality of it. The new groups were driven into the ranks of the poor classes who sometimes in the past were in the ranks of the middle class and had had experienced a period of social stability.
In contrary to this class development in the society, which on the one hand led to development of culture of consumption and being dealers and on the other hand led to the exclusion of large numbers of the population to join the poor classes that caused a new type of accumulation of wealth in parts of society and the emergence of new rich classes. Most important and effective part of the Group emerged in connection with a part of various government agencies and through abuse of the power. In other words, the source of the wealth of this new class was from oil revenues and political abuses not production and social wealth.