Peace of Egypt and Israel

The Soviet Peace Program since 1973 has consisted three main elements: Israeli withdrawal from occupied lands in 1967, the construction of a Palestinian state in Gaza and the West Bank, and the identification of the existence of all countries in the region, including Israel. In the peace plan of the Soviet Union, the decline in US influence in the region was considered. However, the Soviets did not reduce the process of exporting weapons to the region. The issuance of weapons was one of the most important means of Soviet influence in the Middle East. With Israel remaining in the Soviet peace plan, there was a good opportunity for bargaining with the United States, and the leadership of the Soviet Union had always affirmed its existence. But in contrary to the Soviet agenda, the surprising meeting of Anwar Sadat in Israel in November 1977 and after that, Camp David agreements quickly changed the Middle East's transformations. Moscow took a stand against this agreement. The Soviet media called it a "special deal" with Israel. The main policy of the Soviet Union until the mid-1980s was to encircle Egypt and trying to prevent its expansion and other countries joining the process. The Soviet Union set its policy to isolate Egypt. Following the Arabs' wide hatred of the Camp David Convention in September 1978, Egypt and Israel's peace was established in March 1979. Moscow was seeking to strengthen the anti-imperialist front in the absence of Egypt, in order to organize Iraq and Syria against this treaty.
However relations with Israel continued. With the development of US-Israeli cooperation, the role of the Soviet Union in Geneva declined. The actions of the United States undermined the common past efforts of the two countries (the Soviet Union and the United States). The United States had stabilized its influence over the course of the region's transformation more and more. Baghdad also played a leading role in coordinating anti-Israeli forces. The Soviet Union continued its emphasis on the formation of a Palestinian state. The Soviet military invasion to Afghanistan introduced a new phase in the relationship between the two superpowers. In the 1980s, the Islamic Conference strongly condemned this act and provided a suitable ground for intensifying propaganda against the Soviet Union in the Middle East. Israel added its pressure to Arabs and Palestinians. The Soviet Union also reciprocally called the actions of Israel and the United States against the interests of Muslims. The Soviet Union also announced its readiness to vote against Israel in the Security Council and declared its solidarity with Islamic countries. Moscow tried to compensate the blow to its dignity among Islamic countries after the military occupation of Afghanistan through more partisanship for the Arabs against Israel. Brezhnev clearly condemned Camp David's peace process. The tensions between the two superpowers put the political solution in tricky conditions. With the onset of the Iran-Iraq war following widespread attack of Iraq to the Islamic Republic of Iran, the region's developments were accelerated. Arabs were divided into two categories: the supporters of Iran and supporters of Iraq. Within the framework of these developments, Israel's importance increased for the United States to influence the process of regional trends.
The Israeli Defense Secretary called the United States to strengthen the anti-Soviet bloc in the Middle East. Moshe Dayan, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, drew a red line in front of the advance of the Soviet Union in the Middle East. He raised the United States use of the bases and ports of Israel against the Soviet Union. The Carter government also brought its ties closer to Israel. The Soviet Union also got closer relations with Syria. Weapons were handed over to Syria. With the resumption of US-China relations since 1979, the concerns of the Soviet Union intensified. Although relations with Israel were improved, it did not get to a worried level. After the start of Reagan's work, the importance of Middle East issues was influenced by his heightened rivalry with the Soviet Union. Reagan paid attention to intensification of political-economic pressures on the Soviet Union. In September 1981, the United States-Israel Defense Cooperation Agreement was signed. This agreement was reached at Manaheim Begin, the Israeli Prime Minister's visit. Although earlier, various efforts were being made by the United States to reach this agreement. Israel underlined increasing pressure on the Palestinians in Lebanon. Moscow also took advantage of the opportunity and raised the United States' role in this regard. The Soviet Union called Israel a threat to the Arab world and backed by the United States. The leadership of the Soviet Union took advantage of invading US-Israeli strategic cooperation to exacerbate anti-American sentiment in the region. Referring to Israeli bombing of Beirut, Moscow attacked the bombing of the Iraqi rector and the US approach to Libya in the Gulf of Sydra, the role of West, the United States and Israel; of course, there were five main reasons for Israel's continued use of US aid:
1. The CIA and the Mossad (US and Israeli intelligence agencies) expanded their cooperation on Middle East issues. Mossad's information about the region was important for the United States and its regional policy; Israel provided US intelligence on the Soviet Union's weapons. Israel's cooperation with the United States provided Israel an opportunity to examine the Russian weapons that were in hands of Israel; Israel tested US weapons in practice and under war conditions, providing Israel the necessary information; Israel could have provided the logistical facilities needed for swift action for The United States; Israel acted as a deliverer of weapons and technical assistance in emergency situations where the United States did not want to intervene in the Third World countries. The cooperation of Israel and the United States with the opposition of the Communist Party of this country, and Groups were forced to develop relations with the Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union's view also US-Israeli strategic cooperation led to the strengthening of US dominance in the Middle East, which was essentially in conflict with Arabs' interests. Gromyko, the foreign minister of the Soviet Union, at a meeting with Israeli Foreign Minister of Israel, Isaac Shamir, during the General Assembly at the United Nations, tried to influence the process. The Soviet Union continued to influence the Middle East through holding a peace conference, although it did not succeed. Sadat's assassination was a milestone in the Middle East, which provided the Soviet Union an opportunity to reiterate its ideas about the need for a peace conference. On the eve of Israel's invasion to Lebanon in June 1982, the Arab world was torn apart; Pro-Soviet countries and countries that were moving toward a compromise with Egypt and Israel. The lack of coordination between Syria and the PLO and the lack of readiness of the Soviet Union was significant. Moscow did not want to engage in a process that was not endorsed by the end of it. The Soviet Union limited its efforts for stopping the war from engaging in diplomacy and activities within the United Nations through the Security Council, and attempted to create a gap between the United States and its allies. Although in the official announcement of the TAS [official former intelligence of Soviets] Israel was condemned on June 8th, but statements were general. Arabs were expecting more effective action from the Soviet Union. By increase of conflicts, Brezhnev sent a letter to Reagan, and he expressed concern over the deteriorating conditions of the region. But Reagan responded his letter by the threat of possibility of existence of external powers in the region.
At the height of these conflicts, the Iraqi government announced its withdrawal from Iran and called for the end of the war. The dramatic act of Iraq and its difficult situation in the war was accompanied by Iran's response to the war. The Iranian government announced that it will send Iranian volunteers to Lebanon to fight Israel. This movement strengthened Iran's influence and weakened Israel in Lebanon. In fact, these developments affected Lebanon's internal policies rather than affecting Arab-Israeli conflict. The Soviets was concerned about the US counteraction to enter this conflict. Russian weapons did not perform well in these clashes and lacked the effectiveness of the advanced Western weapons that Israel possessed. Israel's ability to bring serious blows to Syrian military power and its air superiority was an important deterrent to the military action of the Soviet Union. Unlike 1973, when the Soviet Union posed a threat to military action, it became clear in 1982 that the Soviet Union was not seeking such a policy. Some analysts linked the Soviet outback to the Soviet succession crisis. Another group posed logistical problems and technological gap between Russian and Western weapons. Some also considered the problems of Moscow in the Third World, especially in Afghanistan, in this regard. In any case, the Arab states' inability to take coordinated action against Israel should not be ignored. Unlike 1973, this time the Arab countries were in a dispersed situation.
Moscow urged the Arabs to act in a coordinated and integrated manner against Israeli aggressions. Moscow accused the United States of strategic cooperation with Israel in its aggressive action in Lebanon. The reality was the indifference of some Arab states against Israel's crimes, occupation and invasion of Lebanon. The Soviet diplomatic defeat could be analyzed during the Israeli war and Israeli aggression against Lebanon in the context of the Soviet Union's relations in the early 1980s. Reagan also sought to stop the Israeli settlers on the West Bank of Jordanian coast in order to obtain support from the Arabs. At the Arab Summit in August 1981 in Fars Morocco, the Arabs got close to the Soviet peace plan, although they did not accept Israel's existence. Brezhnev's death created a hope for the Israelis in transformation of relations, which did not have much effect. The Soviet Union continued to develop relations with Syria. The delivery of Sam 5 missiles to Syria changed the balance of military forces in the region against Israel. Israel was still unable to deal with it. The delivery of Russian missiles to Syria since January 1983 was a symbol of the power of the Soviet Union to influence the developments in the region. The Soviet Union clearly sought to improve its position against the United States. On the other hand, within Israel, there were moves to reduce dependence on America and military assistance. Although many Israelis opposed the policies of the Soviet Union, they believed that for accelerating the process of Jewish immigration to Israel the relations with the country should be improved. During this period, the number of Jewish immigrants from the Soviet Union was decreasing.