Social and public security

Abstract

Security has high importance in the society and its lack leads the society toward doctorial governments and decreases the speed of the process. Moreover, security is one of the most challenging matters that is highly paid attention to and intellectuals and experts have expressed their ideas about it. The purpose of the article is to analyze the conception of public security and social security. The writer has attempted to present a definition about them, mentions the different aspects and levels of security and analyzes relationship between social security and public security. Then it is discussed about the position of social security in constitution and expresses about traditional and modern point of views.

Introduction

Security is one of the most important and controversial matters and conceptions that is discussed and paid attention to in human societies and groups. Experts express their different ideas and thoughts about the way of establishment, improvement and effective grounds in improvement and formation and the way of its weakness and its different kinds and aspects are presented in magazines and media. A point that is agreed unanimously by all is the high number of effective factors. Different experts such as philosophers, politicians, sociologists and psychologists have expressed their ideas about security and have tried to describe and explain it in different ways and kinds.
Philosophers believe that persons prefer to live in a safe society rather than a stressful and insecure society. Some experts consider the most important duty of government the establishment, preservation and development of security. For example, Thomas Hice believes '' a government that has enough authority should establish security in societies and should prevent from war among persons in the society; otherwise, war for interests among persons may lead to a lot of bloodshed and struggles.

1. The meaningful definition of security

Security has a multidimensional meaning and is used along with conceptions such as power, threat and damage. Definitions that are presented in our culture consider security as freedom feeling from fear or secure feeling that supervises on material and mental security. The easiest definition of a conception is its definition along with its contrast definitions. Hence, security is defined as the existence of security in the society and insecurity is defined as the existence of danger, threat and fear in the society.
In lexical definition, security is '' preservation against danger, secure feeling and hesitation removal''. In dictionary, security is defined as being in safety without fear and phobia. For example, in Moein Dictionary, security is defined as being in safety without fear. In Amid Dictionary, security is defined as relaxation and comfort and in Al-Manjd Dictionary, it is defined as assurance and the relaxation of mind.
As a general, security is defined as safety from obligatory transgress without satisfaction and lack of fear toward legitimate rights and freedom and their freedom and rights are not at danger and they are preserved from threat, the danger of death, disease, poverty, unexpected events and any factors that spoil the comfort of human.
Security is one of basic cases and it is felt in all aspects of human life in an effective way and one of the most basic motivations of human life is the necessity of the provision of security. From the past until now, one of the main effects of human societies and governments is the provision of human security and preserving them against external and internal dangers and they establish it. It can be understood with more analysis that the most basic need of each person is to be safe during his or her material and spiritual life and not to have fear from the occurrence of natural and unnatural dangers; otherwise, his or her spiritual and metal comfort will disintegrate and he or she applies all of his or her physical and mental forces to provide his or her assurance.

2. The importance of security

Security is referred to in Hadiths and the different verses of Quran. For example, God states in Ghoreseih Surah that because Ghoreish Tribe has a friendly relationship with each other, a friendship that is preserved in summer and winter travels, they should worship single God that gave them food when they were hungry and saved them from danger and fear. It has been expressed in Anfaal Surah verse 26 '' Call to mind when ye were a small (band), despised through the land, and afraid that men might despoil and kidnap you; But He provided a safe asylum for you, strengthened you with His aid, and gave you Good things for sustenance: that ye might be grateful''.
Security is mentioned as one of important features of this city and this feature is paid attention to in different ways.
Society without order is lack of security and lack of security is due to lack of strong organized social system in the society. Lack of security causes that effective forces that should be active and effective in different ways of growth and development are missed. Security is a social and right phenomenon and an inner feeling that is from understanding and gets human's attention to future, whatever will be provided for them and the use of current facilities for desirable future. A developed society is a society that provides the ground of the establishment of relationship between past and future with the establishment of individual and social security; otherwise, real development and growth will not be possible and will be spoiled by the desires of persons. On the other hand, insecure feeling influences the activity and motivation of human in the path of progress and spoils most of the abilities of human.

3. The kinds of security

Security is divided into different levels: public, individual, group, national, international, internal and external security. It also includes different aspects such as spiritual, individual, social, political, military, economic, right, cultural security and so forth. These classifications are very close and similar to each other from the aspects of conception and theory. In other words, each dimension defines security from a specific approach and aspect. A brief definition of each dimension of security will be presented.

3-1- Individual security

Individual security is comfort and relaxation that a person provides for himself or herself without considering the facilities of the government and the society. In other words, individual security is a mood of soul and body that lives without fear from the harm of heath, finance and honor and the fear of losing them.

3-2 Public security

It is considered as conditions without danger and threat for all of people. As a matter of fact, public security is a situation that there are no threat and danger for the wealth, health and life of persons. In other words, a place without danger has public security and a place and a society that threat the life and finance of human have lack of public security. In fact, in this kind of security, conditions should be provided that the interests and rights of persons, groups and social foundations are provided.

3-3 National security

National security is lack of fear from the endangering of life values. National security is the existence of public order. According to Pen Lup, national security means the ability of a nation is to follow its national interests successfully all over the world in the way that he or she sees it. On one hand, this level pays attention to the conditions of the provision and preservation of the system inner and out of boundaries and on the other hand, it pays attention to the abilities of the system in and around the environment.

3-4- Political security

Political security means the establishment of necessary comfort by the governor of a country for the citizens of its realm through dealing with foreign different threats and the guarantee of their political rights in cooperation in order to determine their political and social destiny. Political system should provide free and equal security and presence for citizens in the path of the possibility and simplification of the cooperation and interference of people in determining their own destiny and the destiny of the society and it should enforce or arrest no one to have political beliefs.

3-5-Internal security

Sometimes, public security is considered as internal security. Internal security is defined as conditions without any kinds of threat and danger for the persons and citizens of a country. According to another point of view, internal security is considered as conditions that the persons, groups, foundations, organizations and institutes of a society face to do not cause threat and danger that endanger their existence.
Ghalibaf believes '' the level of internal security in political area is remarkable and it controls the provision of appropriate ground for the preservation of internal security of governorship''.

3-6- External security

External security is lack of external threats for a system, a country, a government and a society. This level of security controls the provision of appropriate ground for the preservation of external security of governorship.

3-7-Social security

Social security is defined as '' comfort and assurance that society and political system provides for its members''. Generally, social security is related to the realms of the boundary of a person that are in relation to other persons of the society, political system and government. These realms can be language, race, tribe, validity, social role of work, income, comfort, political cooperation, freedom, belief and …

4. Relationship between social security and public security

Social security means the security of life, finance, honor and the social position of a person from social factors. In other words, it is a position that life, finance, honor, and the social position of a person are not threatened and endangered by persons, groups, government and law. Hence, social security is to make persons feel comfortable and there are no threats from illegal action of the government, individuals and groups in some or all parts of the society. As a general, social security is interpreted as inner security. Its main role is the guarantee of political and economic power of a class or the preservation of social system and the provision of enough amount of public security.
The part of social security is related to the part of inner security. In other words, it includes matters in different political, economic, cultural, right and judicial areas that persons face to in the society. These matters can be analyzed within the framework of social security.
In some occasions, the position of individuals against social security is under question. Individual and comfort are basics that human provides for themselves without considering the facilities of the society and the government. However, social security is defined as '' comfort and assurance that the society and political system provide for its members. Social security is related to the realms of the preservation of personal boundary that are related to other persons of the society, political system and the government. These areas can include language, race, tribe, validity, social role of work, income, comfort, political cooperation, freedom, belief and other things.
Dr. Mahaki believes '' social security is a phenomenon that is created from the process of the working of the foundations of economy, culture, society, policy and rights in the society. It is not possible to implement permanent social security only with security and military approaches and ways. To achieve permanent social security, we should move toward the modification of the working of social, cultural, political, economic and right systems; otherwise, any kinds of actions will be short term and transient without considering social factors.
Dr. Nasri means social security as security in the society. The society is located between persons and the government. If we turn the conception to social security, we will not go wrong. In social security, it was concentrated on groups that included human persons. Its share and role are discussed in national security. Hence, whereas national security deals with the values of the country or human security deals with the high values of human such as equality, freedom and the core of the life of human, it is discussed about life and the perfection of social groups such as women group, minor group or university group in social security. In other words, when university students feel that this foundation loses its authority through the intermediate of quality decrease or quantity domination, they feel worry or when the minor group understands that its values are against denial and manipulation, a kind of group worry will be created and these worries are discussed in societal security. In his opinion, security can be imagined in different levels. The elementary level of threat includes '' the existence of a person, a group or a nation that includes public security''. Air pollution, traffic, population increase, poverty and joblessness in the society are the second level of threat that is same identity. Each common development such as population decrease due to migration or deliberate movement such as gender discrimination or group discrimination that causes the worry of group or groups in the society is the topic of security in the society.
Religious point of view believes that social security can be found out in piety, fairness, faith, righteous action, the respect of the rights of human, defending innocent and deprived persons, fighting with criminal and corrupted persons, eradicating poverty, the provision of human expenses, the preservation of legitimate freedom and the governorship of human and divine rules and regulations. From the point of view of Quran, individual security is from real faith, soul relaxation, the comfort and assurance of conscience and the remembrance of God.
Public security has meaningful and direct relationship with social security. Public is the underlying and the early condition of the establishment of social security. In other words, public security is the first security and social security is the secondary security. Public security is conditions that the life and finance of persons are safe from harm and transgress. Social security is conditions that the society provides comfort and assurance for its members and they are considered as the purposes and duties of each society. As long as public security, the security of the life and finance of persons, and persons have no worry about their life and finance, social security will not be created.
Social security includes different aspects that include: economic security, job security, political security, judicial security and official security. Judicial security means that people can have trust and assurance for lack of transgressing religious and legal rights in the society and consider the government as a support so that they can react against factors that establish insecurity and they convict them, if it is necessary.
In a general definition, judicial security includes '' the security of a person from transgress, fear, threat toward life, finance, honor, freedom, grace, job, house and all of his or her legal and legitimate rights. Such an important affair is implemented when crimes, sins, tricks, frauds, corruption and the roots of its commitment will be eradicated in the society''.
It should be paid attention to this point that judicial security has had new meaning and conception with the growth of judicial structures in modern eras and as citizens evaluate their society with the rate of security feeling because security with each dimension, economic, social, cultural, political and judicial, is considered as a back ground for comprehensive and permanent development.
In judicial security, respecting rule is considered as the first conditions of the tribes of the society, the establishment of order and individual security. Long-term planning is possible in order to establish the possibility of development and growth when there is law, order, security, permanence, hope to future and mutual trust. It is completely clear that judicial system is one of the means of the implementation of judicial security. The judicial system of the country is responsible for the preservation of its citizens against the violation of their legal rights and the guarantee of this security is considered as the most important matters of judicial system. The positive of action of this system is considered as guarantee for judicial security and whenever such a belief is formed by common people that judicial security is not established by judicial system fairly and the existence of judicial system will be disintegrated.

5. Social security in constitution

The establishment of social security is considered as one of political military main duties. The area and extension of social security depends on a picture that political system presents from the government, structure and purpose. In this point of view, rights depicted for citizens in constitution are comprehensive from theoretical aspect and they influence all of rights and needs of human.
These rights that lead to the security of the society from theoretical aspect related to the community and political system define the security area of the security. These rights are compiled in rights, judicial, economic, cultural, social, political, official, military and defensive areas in order to establish security. Most of the rules and articles of constitution pay attention to the matter of security and its preservation in the Islamic society:

6. The theories of security

There are two point of views about security and how security is established.

6-1-Traditional point of view

In traditional point of view, security is only the gain of individual, group and social conditions that are without grim and harsh behaviors. Hence, in such a point of view, lack of grim behavior without military means is emphasized. The prominent characteristic of the interpreters of this point of view is emphasis on military aspect in the analysis of security condition. Attempt in the increase of military ability for dealing with and suppressing enemies is a way that the experts of this point of view believe that it should be done in order to establish, develop and preserve security.
They believe that the rate of crimes and losses of a district is the best criterion of insecurity. If control and military foundations are stronger, more powerful and firmer, the rate of crimes and losses will be less in cities and districts. Therefore, security will be more. Authorities are recommended to be active in equipping, improving military and defending equipment for the increase of their defending ability and the increase of the security of their realm.
The advantages of such a point of view include:
1. The establishment of security based on the traditional point of view does not need long-term planning and it is possible to establish it in a short-term planning.
2. Education and the establishment and development of security is easy through this way because security is a hardware security and it is provided as soon as possible with the provision of means and facilities. For example, to establish security in a society is enough that police forces can be active public contract centers in order to achieve their purpose within a short time.
3. This kind of security does not need experts and trained persons in order to establish and preserve security.
4. This kind of security is one dimension. In other words, it is done by a system or an organization. Hence, it does not need organizational and systematic planning.
The disadvantages of this point of view include:
1. Security based on military forces can be harmed; if the effect of factors that establish this security decreases, the foundation of security will be collapsed.
2. This kind of security is competitive. This kind of security causes a kind of security among persons that establish security and persons that breach security. To preserve security, systems and persons in charge should surpass persons that breach rule. Persons that establish security should have better facilities and equipment than the facilities and equipment of persons that breach rule.
3. This kind of security is superficial and its factors do not pay attention to its rooted and foundational factors of security at all.

6-2-Modern point of view

Since the effects of persons with traditional point of view are criticized seriously and it is claimed that military aspect cannot analyze the security matters of the contemporary world comprehensively, new development is formed in security approaches that its main belief forms the number of security aspects. In such a point of view, any kinds of social provision and the weakness of human security against social harms, physical problems and diseases can be the ground of insecurity.
In traditional point of view, security is limited, classical, physical, instrumental and inconsistent. In modern point of view, security is extended, uncertain, unexclusive, intellectual, purposeful and permanent and it includes identity, feelings, group and individual emotions, beliefs, desires, wishes, occupational and economic situations, cultural beliefs, formal structures, the means of achieving the comfort of the social life of people and more importantly training and training foundations.
In such a point of view, security does not focus only on crimes and harms, but whatever causes crime and deviation can be considered as security. This point of view believes '' security is the result of the action and activity of different political, social, cultural, religious and economic areas if such areas, organizations and foundations cannot do their actions and duties in the society, the society will face to change and weakness. If economic foundations cannot control the rate of inflation and employment, the society will face to inflation and joblessness. Joblessness provides the ground of poverty and spiritual and mental problems in the society. Poverty provides the ground of committing crimes such as burglary, addiction and smuggler of addictive drugs and increases struggles and destructive effects in the society. Hence, the weakness of an economic foundation disintegrates security in the society.

6—2-1-The theory of Eftekhari:

separation and integrated approaches toward security
Eftekhari distinguishes two approaches from each other in the analysis of the social structure and these two approaches include:

a) Separation approach toward security

Separation approach is a situation that is formed in order to save people from external threats by authorities. He believes that such an idea was presented by Hyes for the first time. The parts of the definition of this approach include:
1. Security should be established. It cannot be made spontaneously.
2. Hard power is the producer of security. Central power is necessary for the provision of security. Hence, John and Skuiz introduce power and security in a line.
3. Since security is related to external threats, it is an extrovert project.
4. Security has adaptable nature rather than comparative nature. Citizens should adapt themselves with situations.
5. Security includes state structural. Hence, the domination of the government is accepted.
According to separation approach, security is provided in void atmosphere between the government and the nation.
The unsocial structure of internal security

b. Integrated approach

In this approach, the discrimination of the government and the society is not only acceptable, but it is also a factor for the establishment of insecurity. Internal and external security with relying on internal occasions (the elements of the society and the government) can be understood. Hence, social security should be safe from the area of different harms and the foundation of social political relationships should be based on satisfaction rather than power. The aspects of the definition of this approach include:
1. Security is social production.
2. Satisfaction is the factor of security.
3. Security is internal process. External threats cause internal movements and abilities.
4. Security has adaptable nature rather than comparative nature. Governments are administrative performers and they should adapt themselves with the situations of people.
5. Security has state structure and the government is known as security agent. In such a situation, the security of the society is preferred to the security of the government.

The integrated approach of security

From the point of view of Eftekhari in the second approach, the security of the society is important and if such security is provided, we can be hopeful to the security of the government. Then he mentions the Iranian approach of security and believes that although inner security and international threats are two separate matters, these two matters are not separated from each other due to the matters and problems of the countries of the third world. Then he criticizes and analyzes the security approach of Iran and its effective factors such as the contrast point of the ideology of the Islam with democratic liberal.
Dehshiri believes '' it is possible to divide security patterns into internal system and external system. The patterns of internal system represent the cooperation and intervention of international factors beyond the district. They penetrate into the process of political decision making and regional system and they have enough authority. This pattern has different kinds. The other group is the patterns of internal system that come from inner conditions and the threats of the inner of the country.
Some intellectuals have dealt with security with cultural approach and Robert Mandel is one of such persons. In his opinion, ambiguity in the boundaries of this conception has caused that analysts ignore dealing with it separately and most of time, they present it as a part of military and economic security. In his opinion, it is possible to follow cultural political security with two criterion in a separate way:
1. The rate of the authority of states and their governments and political ideologies;
2. The rate of tolerance, coherence and the amicable relationship of cultural and traditional personalities among nations.
Mandel presents different reasons for the reason of the combination of cultural political security. In his opinion, cultural beliefs have very important role in political structures and at the present time, in most of countries, distinction between culture and policy is decreasing from developmental aspect in the meaning of political governorship and the increase of cultural influences especially in the third world. On the other hand, effective political management on general thoughts depends on paying attention to cultural differences among governments. In his opinion, the most important cultural political relationships happen among the following matters:
Internal freedom and the tolerance of different thoughts;

Governorship and order.

In the first interpretation from this point of view, the comprehensive support of political rights, freedom of persons, cultural rights, the determination of the destiny and autonomy of groups is in contrast with the preservation of the process of coherent control in countries. As little by little, the mutual influence of societies increases, the effect of ideas and beliefs that are not native increases. Therefore, political and cultural strategies and values are more denied. Such a matter is accompanied with more gap among persons and more challenge toward governorship, government and cultural coherence.

7. Security feeling

What is important about security is security feeling. Security feeling is one of complex conceptions and it is not easy to present a single definition about it. Security is not a phenomenon that can be defined, but it is a feeling phenomenon. In other words, such assurance should be in the mind of most persons, governors and decision makers whether there is necessary security for the rest of the life without worry. The mind aspect of security is related to security feeling. The existence of security is as important and critical as the mental feeling of persons is presented about from existence or lack of the existence of crime and chaos. If there are more crimes, security feeling will be less. Of course, it should be paid attention that insecure feeling is not due to only lack of the existence of security in the society. There may be tools and means of security, but the persons of the society do not feel secure and vice versa. The reality of insecure feeing is a structure that depends on citizen cruel behaviors and the rate, form and kind of crimes that disintegrate the society.
Secure feeling is an appropriate ground for the implementation of security in the society. If there are few crimes in the society, but people scare that their finance and life are at risk and under threat and families equip themselves with the kinds of security systems such as burglary alarm, security locks, personal guards and …such a society will not have security even though its governors and guardians say that there is security. On the other hand, if there are a lot of crimes in the society, but its people and citizens make sure that they are supported by police and judicial systems, such comfortable and sure feeling shows that it is a safe society.

8. Conclusion

Security is important in the society and its absence reduces the ground of the development of the society as well as provides the ground of the formation of military and tyrant governments. People want security and they will gain it by any means even under the support of dictatorial or foreign government. The theory of the hierarchy of needs of Mazlu can express the reason why security develops in societies. Mazlu considers security as the basic needs of human and believes '' persons and societies cannot continue their life without security. In the hierarchy of needs, Mazlu mentions security as the second need of human. He believes '' when basic needs such as food and house are met, persons need security and would like to have it.
If basic needs are not met, people will consider any kinds of actions and activities permitted and necessary provided that they are not done in the boundary of other persons.