A discourse on liberalism

Liberalism is a set of procedures, policies and ideologies that [its goal] is to provide more freedom for individual. Advocates and followers of such ideas and policies are usually called liberal. Liberalism at the outset, in Europe was abided by many name or certain classes, but today, despite the fact that many names in Europe and elsewhere have the title of liberal, the term liberalism has gained a broader and general meaning and represents a more intellectual and political trends its general principles are as follow:
1- valuable regarding of free expression of individual opinions ;
2- Believing that freely recounting of opinions is useful for individual and society
3- supporting social institutions and the policies which makes freely express of opinions possible
Liberation as an associate system of goals and practical objectives was formed in England during 17 and 18 centuries and then in other countries, groups and liberal theories emerged that either has separately developed, or has imitated the pattern of England.
The early liberalism reliance on freedom was due to arbitrary power (despotism) and one of its main purposes was religious and tolerance freedom. European liberals in the field of religion, have often been disbeliever, skeptical, and even anti - religion and also, the Great Leaders of new intellectual movement all, belonged to this group and against the arbitrary power of religious references authority were advocating the rule of reason. In terms of philosophy, the theories of John Locke the British philosopher 17th century, in the context of the government and natural rights, he established a new theoretical liberalism but, liberalism record as a social and political movement is no more than two centuries and a half.
Renaissance and Movement of religion reforming in the 16th century - especially through helping to expand the authenticity of intellectual approach – have considerably helped the growth of liberalism. The Protestant theory that according to it every faithful person can –direct without relying on the priest and the church – have relationship with God, and it was very important because of creating opposite relationship with religious official bodies and helping the freedom and independence of individual and liberalism in the UK first gained a religious freedom and
tolerance, the rule of law and political rights. A liberalism which was known in 1689 and it was advocated had basically a critical, and negative aspect and supported social freedoms against any government interference, and its objectives was particularly economic and political and in the midst of its political ends, some of the most liberal principles of the rule of law was kept such as liberty of expression and the right to disagree, the principle of the rule of law and separation. During these years, other civil liberties also became legally important, such as religious tolerance in 1688 and freedom of the press in 1695. The second letter about the government by John Locke and announcement of US independence are the biggest relics of this period of liberalism.
Economic liberalism: after the first stage that was the period of political liberal triumphs, a period begun in which the theory of economic liberalism was found as the full political liberation. Liberal economists, English liberal accepted by the Adam Smith, were the most influential group who formed the theory of economic liberalism. According to them, the automatic mechanism of economy market where the law of supply and demand is the director of that as well as the best provider of the progress of economy ; and no hand - whether private monopolies , or the government - should not enter into their work.

New liberalism: But the free market of economy and excessive profiteering of people not only attracted the eyes the liberation movement but, with the consequences of the industrial revolution, brought ill effects in terms of the economic and social inequalities that the most important of which was coming a large number of deprived workers in new companies. The new social forces stopped the liberals that not to return to extremist liberalism and accept some policy from the government monitoring to provide the public interest. However, those who believe in interest the United Kingdom and their political friends added a social aspect to the liberal theory. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill (6) - the founders of the school interest-believers – despite the fact that free economy accepts their idea, were opposite to their method and tried to link free economic market and individual beneficiary with the state concepts of government and law and its duties altogether and defined its slogan as "the greatest happiness for the greatest people". They, in right and politics were advocates of public rules that provide the possibility of free selection and practical freedom for all and, they have expected that the spread of education as well as freedom of speech will provide the right to vote and representativeness of the actual conditions of political freedom. Therefore, believing in profit gave a philosophical foundation to political liberalism and adorned political and economical liberalism into a practical and socio-political theory.