The analysis of the verses related to anthropology (1) – part 1

1. The reality of human from the point of view of Quran

The verses of Quran present different explanations about creation of human;
أَوَلَا یَذْكُرُ الْإِنسَانُ أَنَّا خَلَقْنَاهُ مِن قَبْلُ وَلَمْ یَكُ شَیْئًا
But does not man call to mind that We created him before out of nothing.
قَالَ إِنَّمَا أَنَا رَسُولُ رَبِّكِ لِأَهَبَ لَكِ غُلَامًا زَكِیًّا
He said: "Nay, I am only a messenger from thy Lord, (to announce) to thee the gift of a holy son''.
هَلْ أَتَىٰ عَلَى الْإِنسَانِ حِینٌ مِّنَ الدَّهْرِ لَمْ یَكُن شَیْئًا مَّذْكُورًا
Has there not been over Man a long period of Time, when he was nothing - (not even) mentioned?
إِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ إِنِّی خَالِقٌ بَشَرًا مِّن طِینٍ
''Behold, thy Lord said to the angels: "I am about to create man from clay''.
وَلَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنسَانَ مِن سُلَالَةٍ مِّن طِینٍ
Man We did create from a quintessence (of clay).
وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ إِنِّی خَالِقٌ بَشَرًا مِّن صَلْصَالٍ مِّنْ حَمَإٍ مَّسْنُونٍ
Behold! thy Lord said to the angels: "I am about to create man, from sounding clay from mud moulded into shape''.
فَلْیَنظُرِ الْإِنسَانُ مِمَّ خُلِقَ
Now let man but think from what he is created.
خُلِقَ مِن مَّاءٍ دَافِقٍ
He is created from a drop emitted.
ثُمَّ جَعَلْنَاهُ نُطْفَةً فِی قَرَارٍ مَّكِینٍ
Then We placed him as (a drop of) sperm in a place of rest, firmly fixed.
ثُمَّ خَلَقْنَا النُّطْفَةَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْعَلَقَةَ مُضْغَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْمُضْغَةَ عِظَامًا فَكَسَوْنَا الْعِظَامَ لَحْمًا ثُمَّ أَنشَأْنَاهُ خَلْقًا آخَرَ ۚ فَتَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ أَحْسَنُ الْخَالِقِینَ
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create.
ثُمَّ خَلَقْنَا النُّطْفَةَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْعَلَقَةَ مُضْغَةً فَخَلَقْنَا الْمُضْغَةَ عِظَامًا فَكَسَوْنَا الْعِظَامَ لَحْمًا ثُمَّ أَنشَأْنَاهُ خَلْقًا آخَرَ ۚ فَتَبَارَكَ اللَّهُ أَحْسَنُ الْخَالِقِینَ
Then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create.
فَإِذَا سَوَّیْتُهُ وَنَفَخْتُ فِیهِ مِن رُّوحِی فَقَعُوا لَهُ سَاجِدِینَ
When I have fashioned him (in due proportion) and breathed into him of My spirit, fall ye down in obeisance unto him.
The previous verses show that human has no identity without creation of God and their reality is implemented in relation to creation of reality. This relationship leads to complete and gradual appearance of body.
فَإِذَا سَوَّیْتُهُ وَنَفَخْتُ فِیهِ مِن رُّوحِی فَقَعُوا لَهُ سَاجِدِینَ
When I have fashioned him (in due proportion) and breathed into him of My spirit, fall ye down in obeisance unto him.
وَیَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الرُّوحِ ۖ قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّی وَمَا أُوتِیتُم مِّنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِیلًا
They ask thee concerning the Spirit (of inspiration). Say: "The Spirit (cometh) by command of my Lord: of knowledge it is only a little that is communicated to you, (O men)''.
إِنَّمَا أَمْرُهُ إِذَا أَرَادَ شَیْئًا أَن یَقُولَ لَهُ كُن فَیَكُونُ
Verily, when He intends a thing, His Command is, "be", and it is.
إِنَّ مَثَلَ عِیسَىٰ عِندَ اللَّهِ كَمَثَلِ آدَمَ ۖ خَلَقَهُ مِن تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ كُن فَیَكُونُ
The similitude of Jesus before Allah is as that of Adam; He created him from dust, then said to him: "Be". And he
It turns out from the above verses that the last phase of human creation is different from the previous phases.
The following verses consider body of human mirror of reality;
وَمِنْ آیَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَكُم مِّن تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ إِذَا أَنتُم بَشَرٌ تَنتَشِرُونَ
Among His Signs in this, that He created you from dust; and then,- behold, ye are men scattered (far and wide).
سَنُرِیهِمْ آیَاتِنَا فِی الْآفَاقِ وَفِی أَنفُسِهِمْ حَتَّىٰ یَتَبَیَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ ۗ أَوَلَمْ یَكْفِ بِرَبِّكَ أَنَّهُ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَیْءٍ شَهِیدٌ
Soon will We show them our Signs in the (furthest) regions (of the earth), and in their own souls, until it becomes manifest to them that this is the Truth. Is it not enough that thy Lord doth witness all things?
The following verses express the natural poverty of all creatures;
یَا أَیُّهَا النَّاسُ أَنتُمُ الْفُقَرَاءُ إِلَى اللَّهِ ۖ وَاللَّهُ هُوَ الْغَنِیُّ الْحَمِیدُ
O ye men! It is ye that have need of Allah: but Allah is the One Free of all wants, worthy of all praise.
وَلَا تَزِرُ وَازِرَةٌ وِزْرَ أُخْرَىٰ ۚ وَإِن تَدْعُ مُثْقَلَةٌ إِلَىٰ حِمْلِهَا لَا یُحْمَلْ مِنْهُ شَیْءٌ وَلَوْ كَانَ ذَا قُرْبَىٰ ۗ إِنَّمَا تُنذِرُ الَّذِینَ یَخْشَوْنَ رَبَّهُم بِالْغَیْبِ وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ ۚ وَمَن تَزَكَّىٰ فَإِنَّمَا یَتَزَكَّىٰ لِنَفْسِهِ ۚ وَإِلَى اللَّهِ الْمَصِیرُ
Nor can a bearer of burdens bear another´s burdens if one heavily laden should call another to (bear) his load. Not the least portion of it can be carried (by the other). Even though he be nearly related. Thou canst but admonish such as fear their Lord unseen and establish regular Prayer. And whoever purifies himself does so for the benefit of his own soul; and the destination (of all) is to Allah.
ثُمَّ لَآتِیَنَّهُم مِّن بَیْنِ أَیْدِیهِمْ وَمِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ وَعَنْ أَیْمَانِهِمْ وَعَن شَمَائِلِهِمْ ۖ وَلَا تَجِدُ أَكْثَرَهُمْ شَاكِرِینَ
Then will I assault them from before them and behind them, from their right and their left: Nor wilt thou find, in most of them, gratitude (for thy mercies).
بَلَىٰ مَن كَسَبَ سَیِّئَةً وَأَحَاطَتْ بِهِ خَطِیئَتُهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ أَصْحَابُ النَّارِ ۖ هُمْ فِیهَا خَالِدُونَ
Nay, those who seek gain in evil, and are girt round by their sins,- they are companions of the Fire: Therein shall they abide (For ever).
A lot of verses in Quran attribute actions of human to God;
ثُمَّ أَنتُمْ هَٰؤُلَاءِ تَقْتُلُونَ أَنفُسَكُمْ وَتُخْرِجُونَ فَرِیقًا مِّنكُم مِّن دِیَارِهِمْ تَظَاهَرُونَ عَلَیْهِم بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ وَإِن یَأْتُوكُمْ أُسَارَىٰ تُفَادُوهُمْ وَهُوَ مُحَرَّمٌ عَلَیْكُمْ إِخْرَاجُهُمْ ۚ أَفَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِبَعْضِ الْكِتَابِ وَتَكْفُرُونَ بِبَعْضٍ ۚ فَمَا جَزَاءُ مَن یَفْعَلُ ذَٰلِكَ مِنكُمْ إِلَّا خِزْیٌ فِی الْحَیَاةِ الدُّنْیَا ۖ وَیَوْمَ الْقِیَامَةِ یُرَدُّونَ إِلَىٰ أَشَدِّ الْعَذَابِ ۗ وَمَا اللَّهُ بِغَافِلٍ عَمَّا تَعْمَلُونَ
After this it is ye, the same people, who slay among yourselves, and banish a party of you from their homes; assist (Their enemies) against them, in guilt and rancour; and if they come to you as captives, ye ransom them, though it was not lawful for you to banish them. Then is it only a part of the Book that ye believe in, and do ye reject the rest? but what is the reward for those among you who behave like this but disgrace in this life?- and on the Day of Judgment they shall be consigned to the most grievous penalty. For Allah is not unmindful of what ye do.
أَفَرَأَیْتُم مَّا تَحْرُثُونَ
See ye the seed that ye sow in the ground?
أَأَنتُمْ أَنشَأْتُمْ شَجَرَتَهَا أَمْ نَحْنُ الْمُنشِئُونَ
Is it ye who grow the tree which feeds the fire, or do We grow it?
أَلَا إِنَّهُمْ فِی مِرْیَةٍ مِّن لِّقَاءِ رَبِّهِمْ ۗ أَلَا إِنَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَیْءٍ مُّحِیطٌ
Ah indeed! Are they in doubt concerning the Meeting with their Lord? Ah indeed! It is He that doth encompass all things.
وَهُوَ الَّذِی فِی السَّمَاءِ إِلَٰهٌ وَفِی الْأَرْضِ إِلَٰهٌ ۚ وَهُوَ الْحَكِیمُ الْعَلِیمُ
It is He Who is Allah in heaven and Allah on earth; and He is full of Wisdom and Knowledge.
وَاللَّهُ خَلَقَكُم مِّن تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ مِن نُّطْفَةٍ ثُمَّ جَعَلَكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا ۚ وَمَا تَحْمِلُ مِنْ أُنثَىٰ وَلَا تَضَعُ إِلَّا بِعِلْمِهِ ۚ وَمَا یُعَمَّرُ مِن مُّعَمَّرٍ وَلَا یُنقَصُ مِنْ عُمُرِهِ إِلَّا فِی كِتَابٍ ۚ إِنَّ ذَٰلِكَ عَلَى اللَّهِ یَسِیرٌ
And Allah did create you from dust; then from a sperm-drop; then He made you in pairs. And no female conceives, or lays down (her load), but with His knowledge. Nor is a man long-lived granted length of days, nor is a part cut off from his life, but is in a Decree (ordained). All this is easy to Allah.
وَمَا یَسْتَوِی الْبَحْرَانِ هَٰذَا عَذْبٌ فُرَاتٌ سَائِغٌ شَرَابُهُ وَهَٰذَا مِلْحٌ أُجَاجٌ ۖ وَمِن كُلٍّ تَأْكُلُونَ لَحْمًا طَرِیًّا وَتَسْتَخْرِجُونَ حِلْیَةً تَلْبَسُونَهَا ۖ وَتَرَى الْفُلْكَ فِیهِ مَوَاخِرَ لِتَبْتَغُوا مِن فَضْلِهِ وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ
Nor are the two bodies of flowing water alike,- the one palatable, sweet, and pleasant to drink, and the other, salt and bitter. Yet from each (kind of water) do ye eat flesh fresh and tender, and ye extract ornaments to wear; and thou seest the ships therein that plough the waves, that ye may seek (thus) of the Bounty of Allah that ye may be grateful.
یُولِجُ اللَّیْلَ فِی النَّهَارِ وَیُولِجُ النَّهَارَ فِی اللَّیْلِ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ كُلٌّ یَجْرِی لِأَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى ۚ ذَٰلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لَهُ الْمُلْكُ ۚ وَالَّذِینَ تَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِهِ مَا یَمْلِكُونَ مِن قِطْمِیرٍ
He merges Night into Day, and he merges Day into Night, and he has subjected the sun and the moon (to his Law): each one runs its course for a term appointed. Such is Allah your Lord: to Him belongs all Dominion. And those whom ye invoke besides Him have not the least power.
وَلَا تَدْعُ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَٰهًا آخَرَ ۘ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۚ كُلُّ شَیْءٍ هَالِكٌ إِلَّا وَجْهَهُ ۚ لَهُ الْحُكْمُ وَإِلَیْهِ تُرْجَعُونَ
And call not, besides Allah, on another god. There is no god but He. Everything (that exists) will perish except His own Face. To Him belongs the Command, and to Him will ye (all) be brought back.
وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَن یَتَّخِذُ مِن دُونِ اللَّهِ أَندَادًا یُحِبُّونَهُمْ كَحُبِّ اللَّهِ ۖ وَالَّذِینَ آمَنُوا أَشَدُّ حُبًّا لِّلَّهِ ۗ وَلَوْ یَرَى الَّذِینَ ظَلَمُوا إِذْ یَرَوْنَ الْعَذَابَ أَنَّ الْقُوَّةَ لِلَّهِ جَمِیعًا وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِیدُ الْعَذَابِ
Yet there are men who take (for worship) others besides Allah, as equal (with Allah): They love them as they should love Allah. But those of Faith are overflowing in their love for Allah. If only the unrighteous could see, behold, they would see the penalty: that to Allah belongs all power, and Allah will strongly enforce the penalty.
إِنَّ فِی خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافِ اللَّیْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ وَالْفُلْكِ الَّتِی تَجْرِی فِی الْبَحْرِ بِمَا یَنفَعُ النَّاسَ وَمَا أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مِن مَّاءٍ فَأَحْیَا بِهِ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهَا وَبَثَّ فِیهَا مِن كُلِّ دَابَّةٍ وَتَصْرِیفِ الرِّیَاحِ وَالسَّحَابِ الْمُسَخَّرِ بَیْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ لَآیَاتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ یَعْقِلُونَ
Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the alternation of the night and the day; in the sailing of the ships through the ocean for the profit of mankind; in the rain which Allah Sends down from the skies, and the life which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead; in the beasts of all kinds that He scatters through the earth; in the change of the winds, and the clouds which they Trail like their slaves between the sky and the earth;- (Here) indeed are Signs for a people that are wise.
The following verses eradicate the natural and real perishing of human;
إِنَّكَ مَیِّتٌ وَإِنَّهُم مَّیِّتُونَ
Truly thou wilt die (one day), and truly they (too) will die (one day).
وَیَوْمَ نَحْشُرُهُمْ جَمِیعًا ثُمَّ نَقُولُ لِلَّذِینَ أَشْرَكُوا أَیْنَ شُرَكَاؤُكُمُ الَّذِینَ كُنتُمْ تَزْعُمُونَ
One day shall We gather them all together: We shall say to those who ascribed partners (to Us): "Where are the partners whom ye (invented and) talked about?''
أَوَمَن كَانَ مَیْتًا فَأَحْیَیْنَاهُ وَجَعَلْنَا لَهُ نُورًا یَمْشِی بِهِ فِی النَّاسِ كَمَن مَّثَلُهُ فِی الظُّلُمَاتِ لَیْسَ بِخَارِجٍ مِّنْهَا ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ زُیِّنَ لِلْكَافِرِینَ مَا كَانُوا یَعْمَلُونَ
Can he who was dead, to whom We gave life, and a light whereby he can walk amongst men, be like him who is in the depths of darkness, from which he can never come out? Thus to those without faith their own deeds seem pleasing.
هُوَ الَّذِی یُصَوِّرُكُمْ فِی الْأَرْحَامِ كَیْفَ یَشَاءُ ۚ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ الْعَزِیزُ الْحَكِیمُ
He it is Who shapes you in the wombs as He pleases. There is no god but He, the Exalted in Might, the Wise.
قَاتِلُوهُمْ یُعَذِّبْهُمُ اللَّهُ بِأَیْدِیكُمْ وَیُخْزِهِمْ وَیَنصُرْكُمْ عَلَیْهِمْ وَیَشْفِ صُدُورَ قَوْمٍ مُّؤْمِنِینَ
Fight them, and Allah will punish them by your hands, cover them with shame, help you (to victory) over them, heal the breasts of Believers.
Since soul can show different ranks of existence, it can change to mirror of reality through cosmology.
Quran has introduced thinking about soul as recognition of creatures;
كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ذَائِقَةُ الْمَوْتِ ۗ وَنَبْلُوكُم بِالشَّرِّ وَالْخَیْرِ فِتْنَةً ۖ وَإِلَیْنَا تُرْجَعُونَ
Every soul shall have a taste of death: and We test you by evil and by good by way of trial. to Us must ye return.
وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّذِینَ نَسُوا اللَّهَ فَأَنسَاهُمْ أَنفُسَهُمْ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ
And be ye not like those who forgot Allah; and He made them forget their own souls! Such are the rebellious transgressors.
ثُمَّ قَسَتْ قُلُوبُكُم مِّن بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ فَهِیَ كَالْحِجَارَةِ أَوْ أَشَدُّ قَسْوَةً ۚ وَإِنَّ مِنَ الْحِجَارَةِ لَمَا یَتَفَجَّرُ مِنْهُ الْأَنْهَارُ ۚ وَإِنَّ مِنْهَا لَمَا یَشَّقَّقُ فَیَخْرُجُ مِنْهُ الْمَاءُ ۚ وَإِنَّ مِنْهَا لَمَا یَهْبِطُ مِنْ خَشْیَةِ اللَّهِ ۗ وَمَا اللَّهُ بِغَافِلٍ عَمَّا تَعْمَلُونَ
Thenceforth were your hearts hardened: They became like a rock and even worse in hardness. For among rocks there are some from which rivers gush forth; others there are which when split asunder send forth water; and others which sink for fear of Allah. And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do.
وَمَا مِن دَابَّةٍ فِی الْأَرْضِ وَلَا طَائِرٍ یَطِیرُ بِجَنَاحَیْهِ إِلَّا أُمَمٌ أَمْثَالُكُم ۚ مَّا فَرَّطْنَا فِی الْكِتَابِ مِن شَیْءٍ ۚ ثُمَّ إِلَىٰ رَبِّهِمْ یُحْشَرُونَ
There is not an animal (that lives) on the earth, nor a being that flies on its wings, but (forms part of) communities like you. Nothing have we omitted from the Book, and they (all) shall be gathered to their Lord in the end.
وَلَقَدْ ذَرَأْنَا لِجَهَنَّمَ كَثِیرًا مِّنَ الْجِنِّ وَالْإِنسِ ۖ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ لَّا یَفْقَهُونَ بِهَا وَلَهُمْ أَعْیُنٌ لَّا یُبْصِرُونَ بِهَا وَلَهُمْ آذَانٌ لَّا یَسْمَعُونَ بِهَا ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ كَالْأَنْعَامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ ۚ أُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْغَافِلُونَ
Many are the Jinns and men we have made for Hell: They have hearts wherewith they understand not, eyes wherewith they see not, and ears wherewith they hear not. They are like cattle,- nay more misguided: for they are heedless (of warning).
أَوَلَمْ یَتَفَكَّرُوا فِی أَنفُسِهِم ۗ مَّا خَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَیْنَهُمَا إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ وَأَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى ۗ وَإِنَّ كَثِیرًا مِّنَ النَّاسِ بِلِقَاءِ رَبِّهِمْ لَكَافِرُونَ
Do they not reflect in their own minds? Not but for just ends and for a term appointed, did Allah create the heavens and the earth, and all between them: yet are there truly many among men who deny the meeting with their Lord (at the Resurrection).
فَلَمْ تَقْتُلُوهُمْ وَلَٰكِنَّ اللَّهَ قَتَلَهُمْ ۚ وَمَا رَمَیْتَ إِذْ رَمَیْتَ وَلَٰكِنَّ اللَّهَ رَمَىٰ ۚ وَلِیُبْلِیَ الْمُؤْمِنِینَ مِنْهُ بَلَاءً حَسَنًا ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ سَمِیعٌ عَلِیمٌ
It is not ye who slew them; it was Allah: when thou threwest (a handful of dust), it was not thy act, but Allah´s: in order that He might test the Believers by a gracious trial from Himself: for Allah is He Who heareth and knoweth (all things).
The following verses refer to social relationships among persons as mirror of reality;
وَمِنْ آیَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَانِكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِی ذَٰلِكَ لَآیَاتٍ لِّلْعَالِمِینَ
And among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the variations in your languages and your colours: verily in that are Signs for those who know.