The rule of the Ottoman Caliphs (2)

In addition, in the year 895 SH (1516 AD), he could overcome the Mamluk army in "Syria" and "Palestine" and supported "Jerusalem" in Kenaf. He benefited Baghdad’s Caliph’s cooperation in his war with the elderly Sultan called "Alghorat" in Egypt, and Toman Beyg who was Alghorat’s vicar in "Egypt" defeated after a fight and was executed near the Pyramids. Selim in this war that occurred in the year 896 SH (1517 AD), annexed Egypt and "Arabian Peninsula" to the Ottoman Empire and after six months staying in Egypt, returned to Istanbul with robes of the Prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny). He tried to instill this issue that he is both Sultan and Caliph of the Muslims.
In the year 899 SH (1520 AD), after the death of Sultan Selim, instead of his son, Solomon sat on the throne of Soltani. His major concern, who was called Solomon, at the beginning of his caliphate, was "Belgrade Hungary" and "Austrian" that could grab them. He sieged "Vienna" in the year 908 SH (1529 AD), and in the year 912 SH (1533 AD) "Baghdad" and other areas of "Mesopotamia" were captured. In the year 917 Sun (1538), he conquered "Basra". Among his war works, is a wall that he built around the city of "Jerusalem" in the year 921 SH (1542 AD) and up to now this wall has remained and reveals the scope of "Jerusalem," that the old the Ottoman Sultan was prejudice of.
Solomon in a legal way created the most powerful period of Ottoman rule over their territories during 46 years of rule, to the extent that at this time, the Ottoman Empire became the largest land during his rule. Words and terms such as Cobra caliphate or caliph of the Muslims at this time were introduced in the definition of the Ottoman Sultan, because at his time of Muhammad El Moutawakel Alallah III (d. 922 AH.1543 C.) as the last Caliph of the Abbasid withdraw from continuing religious rule of Muslims.
At the time of Solomon Qanuni some wars occurred with Iran, which were sometimes in favor and sometimes to the detriment of these parties. Solomon in the spring of 914 SH (1535 AD) did a military expedition from Baghdad to the "Iran" and attacked to the "Tabriz", but could not keep it.
In the second attack in the spring of 927 SH (1548 AD), he took an useless war and found no consequence but the capture of the city of the "Van".
In the third and final Qanuni’s expedition to Iran that took place in the year 932 Sun (1553 C.), he lost "Erzurum" to "Iran" until the Qanuni’s defeats provided happiness and pleasure of the Europeans. In the autumn of 933 SH (1554 AD) he signed the truce agreement with "Iran". Authority and confidence and proficiency of governance and respect for minority rights in accordance with Islamic law are the characteristics of the era of Solomon Qanuni, so that in the course of Solomon Qanuni, a group of Jews were brought to top of the government posts so that the Christian Ambassadors had to draw their attention to reach out to Sultan. Solomon by hearing the news of the persecution of Jews in "Ancona" (Italy) at the time of Pope Paulos the forth, expressed his indignation and disputed pop (9 March 1556) and asked for the release of Jewish citizens of the Ottoman Empire that in the "Ancona" were taken as captive, and thus, they were released.
In any case, Solomon Qanuni during his thirteenth campaign in the year of 945 SH (1566 AD), which he attended, died before beginning of the conquest of "Zyget" in "Hungary".
Retainers to prevent the low morale of the troops concealed the news of his death, and after the conquest of the castle of Zyget, still entered judgments from the king in his place in the royal palanquin. After the victory and on the way back, the news of his death was revealed and Sultan Selim II, in the year 945 SH (1566 AD), became King of the great and glorious empire of Solomon Qanuni.
Sultan Selim II, who was known to the hooded king, had a humor of orgy and poetry and loved Hafez's poetry. Suqolly, the chief minister of the Solomon Qanuni, who was able to hide his death at the scene of war, could cover all the weaknesses of Sultan Selim with his admirable tact. In the Harem of this Sultan of the Ottoman, a Jewish woman could take over the affairs sources. The woman, whose name was Nurbanu Sultan, after becoming the mother of the Prince, Murad III, seized the court of Murad III as well.
anyway, of important events during his era was Navy defeat of Sultan Selim against fleet forces of the holy covenant with the pope’s forces cooperation in "Spain" and "Venice" in Persian date: Mehr 15 950 (7 October 1571). This improved morale of the Christians against the Ottoman military.
But the positive thing in the rule of Selim II was the spread of the Ottoman domination in "Morocco" in the year 957 SH (1578 AD). It should be noted that his fate was a result of his drinking in this year.
After Selim II, also Suqolly’s wisdom came to help the Ottoman and Murad III, who had no experience of government, and made him immediate successors of Selim II.
Murad, ordered the murder of his five brothers and issued a ban on drinking wine; although he had a madness of gold and women. In his time, "Georgia", "Azerbaijan", "Shirvan" and "Tabriz" that were ruled by "Iran" had been attacked, but the chaos of "Anatolia" in 975 SH (1596 AD), known as the revolt of the Jajlis, weakened his government and chaos occurred in it. Using this opportunity Shah Abbas I in 5982 SH (1603 AD), invaded the Ottoman, and he seized the cities of “Tabriz”, "Yerevan" and "Kars", and in 5991 SH (1612 AD) he signed a peace treaty in favor of himself with the release of territories that in previous peace deal was lost in 5869 SH (1590 AD), and thus undermined the Ottoman Empire. After the death of Murad III in 975 Sun (1596 m.), Muhammad III took Ottoman leadership. By influence of a number of corrupted courtiers, the new sultan in his first act, strangled his nineteen brothers and buried them next to his father and even killed his son, Mahmoud Murad III, who was an outstanding warrior. These immoral and un-Islamic acts scattered the seeds of discord and dissension among the troops and officials. When he was going to fight the Christians, because the Ottoman army was divided and had military turmoil, Mehmed III inevitably gained the best military advantage with the help of beliefs of his troops.
Lord Kane Ross quotes this process in this way:
"for the first time with raising off the flag of the holy Prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny) which was brought of Damascus for just such a grave situation, {Mohammad the third} following a council of war, took over the flag of Prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny), wore the holy robe of him, and agreed to stay with the soldiers so the wave come back. Christians broke their ranks to loot the enemy’s camp. At this moment, the Turks cavalries attacked, and they fled before him with complete disarray. This was a defeat for a Christian that in it more than thirty thousand Germans and Hungarians were killed and considerable booty, including hundreds of well-designed balls came to grab and it was a decisive victory for Turks that in a critical moment kept Bulgaria, Macedonia, half of Hungary and with the exception of "Transylvania" most of northern territories of "Danube" which were still in its possession for the Ottoman empire. He held these lands for several centuries. In the meantime, Sultan Muhammad that at least as a passive role had watched his victory arrived in Istanbul, relieved and victorious, among the enthusiasm and applause. Here, as in the past, steeped in the pleasures of the harem, rested and left the management of state affairs to his Venetian mother.
We said that since the time of Sultan Selim II (grandfather of Mehmed III), Suleiman Qanuni’s son, of Jewish influence and breach in the principles of political governance began and poetry and wine and lust gradually dominated politics.
Islamic-national authority that was legacy of Solomon Qanuni became paler each day and intrigue and deception inside and outside the borders of Ottoman rule became bolder.
In these days of bloody intrigue, the only thing that was able to cover up corruption of the court was competence and resourcefulness of a number of Muslim politicians and the armies called the Janissary.
Jewish Joseph Hammer Purgstall also explains period of Mohammed III:
Sultan the parent in governance of shrine and affairs of possessions moved with all the authority and sometimes, he brought his immense treasury out for stipend or other charges of the army, and submitted the money, but the major closeness instrument of him unto his son was offering beautiful gorgeous bondwomen. Army mutiny in Istanbul was one of major works which pretended the dominance of military rule over the reign and authority of women. "Kheyra-Semitism", which we mentioned slightly about her closeness and dominatation during Murad the third was one of the major causes of the revolt: because Mosharalyha had established himself in practice. Thus, the soldiers were in charged with the full cruelty of his head, and Khalil Pasha the deputy in fear of his head and Sultan’s life, missioned Chavosh Bashi to derivate Kheyra and his sons (to capture them).When those poor climbed the Chancellor’s house’s stairs, the hosts poured on them and killed Kheyra with his three sons and hanged their members to the House of Trustees and government officials that Kheyra had sold positions through. The fourth son of Kheyra became apparently a Muslim, and was saved of being killed and placed in the mastication and was called Mustafa the mastication."
destruction of the Ottoman rule and the destruction of authority reached its peak at the time of Mehmed III and in institutionalized manner was in the agenda of penetrate and influence individuals of the court and other centers of power. The process of corruption and inefficiency reached its peak in a way that the Safavid troops in "Iran" conveniently, besides the total failure of the military of Ottoman, could achieve some conquests. Mehmed III, unworthy and incompetent Ottoman Sultan, finally died in 982 SH (1603 AD).
His son, Ahmad, in spite of adolescence, became heir to Muhammad and came to the throne with the title of Ahmed I in 985 SH (1606 AD). Due to his low age, did not have adequate authority to manage the affairs. As such, the army ready to attack, aiming the war with the government of "Iran", was stopped by him. This trend continued during his caliphate so that Ahmed the first became famous of lack of judgment and crisis management. His treats mixed with doubt, lead to corruption of the court and the government.
With the death of Ahmed I at age 27, Mostafa the first, his brother, came on the Soltani throne in 996 SH (1617 AD). Due to 14 years of imprisonment by Ahmad in prisons, his mental and physical faculties were atrophied and the inability to reign was clear and manners away from the affairs of Soltani (being a king) was obvious and very visible in him.
In any case, because of this incompetence and incompetence during a scenario, he returned to the prison and his nephew, Ottoman, who was teenaged son of Ahmad the first, became Sultan (king).
Ottoman in the year 1000 SH (1621 AD) did a great military expedition to fight the Poles, but it was not successful. This failure may be due to inexperience and "Janissary" getting far from Sultan (who was the cylinder of his army). At the time of the Ottoman II’s rule, due to the expansion of coffee and tobacco consumption among people, social and economic problems made the sovereignty vulnerable.
For this reason, use of tobacco in was banned 1001 SH (1622 AD) by the young Sultan. However, the Sultan Ottoman in 1001 SH (1622 AD) got captured in Janissary’s conspiracy. Janissary troops attacked the palace and at the end came to the 18-year-old Ottoman and took him to prison and later killed him in prison. After disarming Ottoman, the young Ottoman Sultan of the Janissary with help of the queen mother (Ahmad and Mustafa), again showed attraction in Mustafa who had he internal madness and was in prison by willingness, and he became the Ottoman Sultan about a year and a half.
In year of 1002 SH (1623 AD) in the riots of Abazeh Mohammed Pasha to take revenge of Ottoman and protest of scholars, men of House after deliberation, dethroned Mustafa and Murad V, younger brother of Osman, in accordance with the procedures, came to the throne chair.
Again teens, despite the mental and political weakening of the sovereignty of Ottoman Empire, prevailed the Islamic Empire. During the first decade of the reign of Murad V, he had no mobility but learning history and military experience. In the year 1011 SH (1632 AD) Janissary again rose up on the Sultan Murad V and made him subjected to his own desires. But revenge from militants seized him and created the necessary arrangements over time and established discipline and order in the ruling by the revenge of his enemies. He was launched twice and could returned some missing parts of the territories, including "Baghdad" from Iranians, but "Yerevan" current capital of "Armenia" was also in the hands of Iran.
In the year 1019 SH (1640 AD) at the age of 28 years, Murad V died in a suspicious ailment, and after him, his son Ibrahim that had no fixed character while was familiar with longing and lust, came to power.
Sultan that had started conflict with Venetian (Italian) in 1024 SH (1645 AD) due to the prolongation of the war, was under the anger and wrath of Janissary troops and scholars’ community. By the Mufti the great’s Fatva (command) he was deposed. In the year 1027 SH (1648 AD) Mufti issued a decree so that Ibrahim was killed in prison.
After Abraham's death, his son, Muhammad IV, was appointed to the throne. During the reign of him that was just a teenager, the government was always in the hands of riots and disturbances of army.
He had entrusted managing government to the chief minister and his son and himself, mostly spent time on fun and hunt. In the year 1061 SH (1682 AD) after a period of renewal, during a campaign the Ottoman’s Caliphate acted against Europe and in 1062 SH (1683 AD), he failed behind the doors of "Vienna".
Following the insurrection that began in 1065 Sun (1686 AD) in the Ottoman army and unrest in the capital, Mohammad IV was deposed and exiled, and his brother, Selim II, was in his place.
Selim II in 1070 SH (1691 AD), did after four years on the throne, who tried hardly to cross the "Belgrade" and reach the "Danube River", and his brother, Ahmed II, succeeded him.
Ahmad II also after the four-year of rule and reign that mainly was spent on the war with the Venetians, died at the age of 54 years, and thus the reign of three brothers ended.
In the year 1074 SH (1695 AD), the nephew of Ahmed II, son of Mohammad the fourth, named Mostafa II, came to power. Like his ancestors, he was a real Ghazi, and three days before the caliphate said in a statement that some provoking corruption methods of the past kings have been wrong and was personally prepared to war with Christian empire of "Habsburg".
In 1075 SH (1696 AD) at his first campaign, he won a partial victory. In the following year, his army around "Hungary" had an utter defeat and even the Great Seal of the sultan's chief minister, one of the symbols of power, was in hands of the Christian Prince Eugene.
In the year 1077 SH (1698 AD) in “Carlo Weitz” a peace conference was held and Turks had the right of sovereignty on a third of Hungary country and lost the others. In conclusion, the famous Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in 6 Bahman 1077 (26 Jan. 1699 AD), between the Ottoman rulers as a defeated power and Christian Rulers of "Belgrade Hungary".
In the year 1082 SH (1703 AD) once again Janissary went into disorder and invited Sultan Mustafa II to "Istanbul” to resolve the issue of "Adria Nupel", but he refused. Rioters with the forefront of flag of the Prophet (Peace be upon him and his progeny) and the Mufti’s command, attempted to depose Sultan.
Ahmet III was chosen as the Ottoman Sultan, who was another son of Mohammed IV and brother of Mustafa. He was a peaceful person and had a romantic figure. Therefore, he created a ground for the growth and development of ideas of the people of poetry and philosophy.
After 17 years of rule, in the year 1109 SH (1730 AD), he also suffered the same fate as his brother, and Janissary troops rebelled on him and deposed him. He was imprisoned after he, himself also made an allegiance with Mahmoud the first, son of Mustafa II. Mahmoud the First, who came to power as a result of riots and removing Patruna Khalil and Ahmed III, did not have adequate competence and resourcefulness. With the influence of Jews that had found its way to the Ottoman court, Topal Osman Pasha was ousted from the prime minister position and Ali Pasha Hakimoglu, a Jewish person who pretended to be Muslim, replaced him. Ali Pasha Hakimoglu was born in 1689 AD. And was Noah Effendi’s son, physician of Mustafa II, and was of the Jews of Venice. Ali Pasha Hakimoglu, who penetrated the Ottoman armies by his father, at age 35 as commander of the Ottoman army attacked "Iran" and officered a heinous, brutal killing and massacres in Iranian cities of "Azerbaijan" especially "Tabriz". His crimes and atrocities added to his reputation and by destructive Jewish oligarchy in 1731 AD. was chosen as the first Jewish prime minister for the Ottoman Empire.
This destructive network, in the first period of his tenure, which lasted four years, with a consistency perfectly designed to spread its influence in economic and military fields. As with the guidance of them, another Jewish as senior military commander named Claude Alexander Cont de Bonval found a special place in the Ottoman Empire named.
In these circumstances, efforts to guide the Sultan and the Sublime Porte to the theoretical and literature discussions were done by this network, so that Mahmoud the first published and spread scientific topics. During this period, Mahmoud cared about diplomacy more than war, while "England", "France" and "Russia" as the Axis of military powers were equipping and developing, but unfortunately in the Turkish government, instead of forethought and taking advantage of opportunities, personal and factional gains were increasing, as the continuous replacement of ministers and incompetent individuals coming to power, denied the combat morale of the militaries and community shifted towards business operations. In addition, Janissary people with earning points of import of goods, thought about their personal interests and military matters were pushed to marginal status.
Finally, Sultan Mahmoud the First died in the year 1133 SH (1754 AD) at the age of 60 years and his brother, Osman III, sat in his place. He, like his brother, treated unconscious at the scene of domestic policy and was unable to give consistency to the Ottoman Empire. He reigned just for three years and died at the age of 61 years.
Sultan Mustafa III, son of Ahmed III, became ruler in the year 1136 SH (1757 AD). He was not a fan of peace. On the domestic scene, he did a lot of efforts in restructuring the army. He mobilized and bolstered Navy, artillery and engineering parts. He tried to pay attention to logistical issues of the cities "Mecca" and "Medina".
In the year 1143 SH (1764 AD), according to an agreement, "Poland" was divided between "Prussian" and "Russia"; therefore, Sultan went to a war regardless of considering the body of the army, which had spent for years in corruption. In the year 1148 SH (1769 AD) Khan "Crimean" made a hard attack to the welfare seek army of the Ottoman. In the year 1152 SH (1773 AD) the Ottoman military force, which had found a spirit of war, achieved limited success. In this year, Mustafa III personally wanted to have a presence in battle, died due to an illness.
In the year 1152 SH (1773 AD) his brother, the first Abdul Hamid, son of Ahmed III, who had lived in seclusion corner, after 43 years, became the Ottoman’s Sultan. In his time, fighting with the "Austrian" and "Russia" continued. He calmed the rebel areas of "Syria", "Albania" and "Egypt" and in 1168 Sun (1789 AD) Sultan died at the age of 66 years after the military had lost vigor for the war.
After him, Selim III, the nephew of Abdul Hamid I, son of Mustafa III, who was a young man and wanted to save his country, came on the throne. With his wisdom, he prevented useless wars and with a coherent foreign policy could play the role of balance of power very well. He stopped the expansion of the Russian Empire (in spite of superiority of Catherine’s naval) in the Ottoman borders and stopped the war with Russia.
In the first year of his reign which coincided with the "French Revolution", some ideas of liberty in a weak way also entered Ottoman. Independence movements began, which owed the freedoms and educational reforms that Sultan Selim III had created.
In this way, a movement of translation of Western books and sending students for getting to know their culture began, and the process was a promise for nationalist and liberal Turks in the future.
In the year 1177 SH (1798 AD) at the beginning of Napoleon's invasion of the East and the defeat of the Mamluks, in the North "Africa", peace seeking and pacifism of Selim III was disappointed, and despite of Napoleon's attack on Syria, he stopped near the "Accra" and was forced to return to "Egypt".
However, Selim III in 1186 SH (1807 AD) was subdued by his reforms. He, who had commanded Janissary’s dressing style to be changed in Western military appearance, was faced with opposition and revolt of scholars and Janissary army.
Selim quitted Kingdom by giving himself up and allegiance with Mustafa IV, son of Abdul Hamid the first. He also could not subjugate Janissary to himself. Until Mustafa IV, after several months of rule, while he killed his brother and Sultan Selim who had taken refuge to him, was overthrown, and in the year in 1186 SH (1807 AD) his other brother Mahmoud II, succeeded him.