Duke Orleans

Viceroy of New Orleans was a boy named Louis (1703-1752) who was also named the Duke Orleans after his father's death. This Louis Orleans has been described as an isolated individual and after the death of his wife he was busy with religious studies. His son was called Louis Philippe (1725-1785) whose only important thing in his life was relationship with actors and musicians. This Duke Orleans had a father named Joseph who was one of the effective figures in the fall and murder of Louis XVI.

Louis Philippe Joseph (1747-1793) at the beginning was called Duke Pensive. When he was five years old, his grandfather died and he became Duke Shartrh, and when he was 38 years old, his father died and he became Duke of Orleans. Duke Orleans was an implacable enemy of Queen Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI, and that is why he was sidelined from the court. During the debate in 1787 between Louis XVI and a group of French aristocracy that took place over fiscal policy, Orleans was exiled to his lands for a short time. This group of rebellious nobles were the core of the first institute that formed the National Assembly (the Convention) in 1789 and took power. The official History of the West this group is mentioned with the beautiful name of "liberal faction". This wing had a strong connection with the new organizational of Freemasons and Orleans was appointed as the French Freemasonry Grand Master when he was 24 years (1771). His oppositions to the court began from this year and eventually led to his honorable exile to the United Kingdom (October 1789).

These years are full of strained hostile relations between England and France, especially about the colonies. This hostility was at its peak during the war of succession of Spain (1701-1714) and Europe’s Seven-Years War (1756 -1763). At the beginning of the reign of Louis XVI (1775), the American War of Independence began and France and Spain provided financial and weapons support from the United States. Later, France (1778) and Spain (1779) formally launched the war against England and in 1780 the Netherlands began the invasion to the British colonies. This event came to an end in 1783 with a peace treaty between the US and the UK and the peace treaty of England with France and Spain.

Duke Orleans in 1790, during the revolution, returned to France and became a member of the National Assembly. At this time his palace in Paris, known as the Royal Palace, became the center of revolutionaries and the public rebels, who had attacked the Bastille fortress on July 14, 1789, knew him as a "hero of the revolution". In 1791 he became a member of the Jacobin Club and thus he allied with the most extreme faction revolutionaries. On August 10, 1792 with the occupation of the Tuileries Palace, the monarchy system fell and new convention on September 21 to 22 officially declared the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic. Orleans, who has now the name of equality Philip (Philip Agility), was a member of the Parliament. He supported the Extremist factions in the parliament, which was known as the Muntanyarha, and this faction was supported by the common people of Paris and Club of the Jacobins that were against the more moderate Gironden. During the trial of Louis XVI (December 1792- January 1793), Girondins accused the Muntanyarha and told that they want to appoint Philip Agility as the French King. Philip voted to the death of Louis XVI, but even he was not immune from the increasing and wild violence, in spite of the revolutionary and republican views, he was accused of conspiring against revolution, he was arrested in April 1793 and on 6 November, and he was killed with guillotine.

Louis-Philippe, who was called the Duke Shartrh since 1785, is the eldest son of Philip Agility. He worked with the revolutionaries like his father. In 1790, he became a member of the Jacobin Club, and during the war with Austria, he went to the front while he was vice-general. In April 1793 he fled to Austria and then he lived outside of France for 21 years. In November 1793 he was nicknamed as the Duke of Orleans. He was in Switzerland for a while, and then more than two years he lived in North America. In early 1800, he moved to England and reconciled with his Ferrari cousins and became one of the companions of Louis XVIII. In 1809, he went to Sicily and married to the daughter of Ferdinand IV, King of Naples. With the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy's (1814) he returned to France, and then he earned his family's vast fortune and began a luxurious life in his family palace, the Royal Palace. At the time of Napoleon's escape, he fled from the island of Elbe to England. After the fall of Napoleon once again he returned to France. During the reign of Louis XVIII and Charles X his palace in Paris was a hangout of critics to Bourbon monarchy. During this period, Louis-Philippe, had a relation with major French banks and suspicious financial centers. And finally, on August 9, 1830, he formally accepted the French monarchy.

At the head of riots on July 1830 in Paris there were Louis Thiers and Francois Guizot to journalists, bankers like Jacques Laffite and Casimir, militaries like Caveniyak, the next executioner of Algeria and the 1848 revolution in France, and local politicians and professionals as Talleyrand and Lafayette. People rebelled against Charles I and occupied the strategic areas. This group asked the reign of the Duke Orleans (Louis Philippe), respectively. According to Thompson, "the trick of Thiers, the diplomacy of Talleyrand and the wealth of Laffite” brought Louis-Philippe's reign. The role of Talleyrand has a serious importance, his name has been registered a politician in the history of contemporary Europe as the most prominent symbol of deception and intrigues and hypocrisy in politics.

Prince Talleyrand belonged to a non-wealthy noble family. When he was eight years, he began studying religious sciences, and in 1788 he became a bishop. After the revolution, he was elected as a member of the National Convention and had a major role in the seizure of church property. Although this faced him with the Pope's excommunication, but he achieved a great reputation as the "bishop of the revolution". In the late 1791's, he was sent to London with the aim of attracting the impartiality of the UK against the continental events and preventing the government alliance with Austria and Prussia. This mission is at the time of Prime Minister William Pitt in the UK. In later years he had diplomatic missions in the UK and finally due to the protests of the French expatriate community of London, he was dismissed from England in early 1794. However, he was disgraced with French revolutionary government. In September 1796 he returned to Paris and he was appointed as a member of the National Institute. (This institution was established by convention instead of the French Academy.) The first treatise that he presented to the Board was on the status of the French colonies.

In this thesis, Talleyrand raised the idea that France is not capable of recapturing his former colonies on the American continent and he should search for new conquests on the continent of Africa. This thesis has attracted Directory’s attention to him, and a few days later he was appointed as the Secretary of State.

Encyclopedia of Britannica probably knows Directory as the most corrupt governments that came to power in the history of France. Its policies were in order to increase the power and wealth of its members and prevent the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy or any form of government that jeopardize the dominance of the new rulers. During the reign of Directory, the massive corruption and economic and moral degeneration was in France. This is an opportunity for enrichment of greedy Talleyrand. In the Treaty of Campo Furmyo (October 1797), which was the victory of General Bonaparte over the Austrian army, he took bribes of more than one million francs. Then along Bonaparte convinced Directory to invade Egypt. At the same time, his attempt for receiving bribes from representatives of the new government of the United States raised a great controversy story that is known as XYZ. The story is this:

During 1797-1789, he made a treaty with England. This treaty aroused the anger of the French and in the late years of Washington reign led to the seizure of 316 USS by the French fleet.
John Adams, next president of US (1797-1801) to solve this problem sent a delegation to France. Talleyrand demanded a bribe of 250 thousand dollars for himself and a large loan for the French government to restore friendly relations between two governments. The Encyclopedia of Americana writes: "Although bribe was not an unknown device in the diplomacy of that day, nevertheless, the Americans refused to accept the request of Talleyrand, negotiations ended in deadlock and a wave of anti-French propaganda swept the United States. The incident led to further deterioration of relations and these two countries stood at the threshold of war.
Talleyrand was forced to resign. Now he, at the end of two years of heading the Foreign Ministry device, had a vast wealth that had been stored outside France.
Five months after the resignation of Talleyrand, Napoleon returned from Egypt and soon he took power by the coup (9-10 November 1799). Napoleon initially formed a three-member committee and he was appointed as its First Consul. On November 22, Talleyrand was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He increased step by step the authority of Napoleon and Talleyrand announced Napoleon as the emperor of France (May 18, 1804), and he was appointed as his court minister. The official income of Talleyrand is reported 500 thousand francs annually. Talleyrand who had predicted the fall of Napoleon, resigned from his positions in August 1807 nevertheless he was still consulting the Empire. In September 1808 he took part with Napoleon in the Congress of Europe rulers in Erfurt (Prussia). In this meeting, he negotiated confidentiality with Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, and raised him against Napoleon. Since then Talleyrand was associated with foreign enemies of Napoleon completely hidden. He also played an effective role in the sinister marriage of Napoleon to Marie-Louise Habsburg. As a result of such measures, after the occupation of Paris (March 31, 1814), Tsar Alexander I lived in the House of Talleyrand and that was Talleyrand who convinced him that the only way to maintain peace in Europe is restoring the Bourbon monarchy. He was at the head of interim government that had the money and support of the UK to restore the Bourbon monarchy. Historical sources have mentioned the joint role of Talleyrand, British intelligence service and the Rothschild in restoring the Bourbon monarchy.
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