Talleyrand

After Louis XVIII returned to France, appointed Talleyrand as his foreign minister. This provoked discontent of extreme monarchists and Talleyrand was forced to resign in September 1815. Until 1829 he had a private luxurious life and wrote his memoirs. This time, he was united with liberals to overthrow Charles X. historians wrote the main core of oppositions against Charles X, formed their first meeting in late 1829 in the great palace of Talleyrand and this brought a group that became known as National Party during the July Revolution. Tarleh writes about the role of 76-year-old sick Talleyrand in the promotion of the reign of Louis Philippe:
The conspiratorial Councils was led by landlord, this great statesman of the old military officials and former bishop that had participated in the coronation of Louis XVI, Napoleon and even Charles I and he had served in the past for the Revolution, the Empire, and times Bourbon had served longer after their return and now called revolution and the reign of the Bourbon and now he was conspiring against Orleans and Bourbon.
With the ascent of Louis Philippe, Talleyrand was the ambassador in London in the years 1830-1834, and he earned huge wealth through the partnership with financial aristocracy and speculation on the London Stock Exchange. He played an effective role in the establishment of the reign of Leopold in Belgium. He died in Paris at age 84. Talleyrand divorced his wife in 1815 and since then he had a lonely life and he has no legitimate child.
Another influential figure in the ascent of Louis Philippe to the reign of France is Marquis de Lafayette.
Lafayette was one of the wealthy French aristocrats and one of the young courtiers of Louis XVI. In 1777, twenty-seven months after the start of the American Independence War, he was sent to this country and attended in the US Army with the rank of Major General. He had an intimate relationship with George Washington, the commander in chief of US independence military. Lafayette’s ties with Washington was so much that he later named his son George Washington Lafayette. In 1780, he became the commander of the army of Virginia and on 19 October of this year, he forced Lord Charles Cornwallis, the British military commander to surrender and in this way he used the help of French and American troops. Thus, Lafayette became famous as the "Hero of Two Worlds". In 1782, he returned to France and he was awarded the position of the French Army Brig. Lafayette, as the Duke of Orleans, was a member of the liberal wing in the court of France. During the revolution he was a member of the first National Convention of France and he became one of the strongest leaders of the revolution. He presented the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to the French parliament that was approved after some amendments on August 27. On July 15, the day after the fall of the Bastille, he was appointed in the National Guard of Paris. Lafayette was not demanding the dissolution of the monarchy, so after his soldiers killed a group of people of Paris, he resigned from his position in October 1791. A little later he was appointed as the commander of the French army in Metz. It is said he was going to attack Paris and suppress the radical revolutionaries. In August 10, 1792, the riots̓ suppress in Paris and the fall of the monarchy led to the abortion of Lafayette’s plan and he was captured by Austrian forces. He was released in 1797, and he returned to France two years later. During the reign of Napoleon, he was engaged on his estate in agriculture. During the reign of Louis XVIII, he was a member of the House of Representatives, he visited the United States in the years 1824-1825, and he was welcomed like a famous hero. During the 1830 revolution, he was the commander of Paris National Guard. Six months after the ascension of Louis Philippe, he was retired and he died four years later. Lafayette was a Freemason, and two years before his death, the New York-seat Supreme Council promoted his position to the thirty-third, the highest ranking of Mason.
July 1830 revolution in France, like the Revolution of 1789, had a widespread echoing throughout Europe, including the UK. This revolution was at the same time with the death of George IV (June 26, 1830). Later, with the fall of the Tory government (Wellington), the Whig government headed by Earl Grey (59) came to power and ruled British policy until 1834. This coincides with one of the most difficult social crises of the UK. In these years, spread of rebellion of the masses, had appeared in the form of burning the plants and harvest crops and crushing the machinery factories, there for these two countries were on the brink of revolution. Although some were hanged for the crime but the unrest did not end. According to Frank Bright, in London “the demagogueries" like Hunt and Cubit once again appeared who summoned people to establish "social justice". The liberal government of Earl Grey was the only alternative which could prevent the destructive consequences of adventurous and greedy policies of conspirator Wellington and financial and trade centers in the UK and calm the revolt to some extent. In the Cabinet of Earl Grey, the 46-year Palmerstone became foreign minister. We will know Palmerstone’s ties with the Jewish oligarchy and Britain colonial in the future.
The new government fearing the waves of revolution in England launched social reforms. In March 1831 a proposal was submitted to parliament that is known as the "Charter Reform" (Reform Bill). According to this plan, which was on June 7, 1832 to endorsement by the William IV, the election law was revised in the House of Commons and the number of voters rose to about 800 thousand people. The figure was about 217 thousand more than before. (England and Wales had a population of about 16 million at this time.) On 22 April of 1831, among the shouts of angry people of London, the Parliament was dissolved and new elections were held. In 1831, the danger of revolt was threatening the UK. On October 29, 1831, the Bristol City was captured for two days by people. This uprising was violently suppressed by the army. This movement led to the fall of Earl Grey in 1832 and the new king (William IV) appointed Wellington again to form a Cabinet. However, the people’s dissatisfaction was so profound that after a short time, king was forced once again to appoint Earl Grey as Prime Minister. Frank Bright knows the consequence of this reform as this:
Aristocratic classes, which had a monopoly of power by this time, were forced to admit some parity among themselves and the middle class that could not be neglected due to the development of society and astounding growth in the last half century.
These actions of Whig government that had achieved the power in blind terror of the revolution, founded the cornerstone of the British Liberal Party. Frank Bright writes:
The two-volume book of Constitutional Charter written by Jeremy Bentham is the result of this space. This work was written around 1830 and greatly influenced the leaders of the net party.
The foundation of philosophical thought of Bentham, who is known as the largest British political thinkers, is based on hedonism (hedonism). This is a new approach to personal and social life in political thought including John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Sometimes its origins are Epicurus (341-270 before BC) in ancient Greece. The philosophical hedonism knows pleasure as the ultimate goal of human life and it says that only a way of life and moral attitude is considered desirable that brings pleasure. Hedonism makes the philosophical and moral foundation in the political thought (utilitarianism).
Bentham's political philosophy, as Edmund Burkes, is a British refutation on the principles that the French Revolution entered to political thought. For example, Bentham in treatise fallacies of anarchic (1843) criticized the principles enshrined in the Declaration of Human Rights of France and its concepts such as "human rights", "natural rights", "freedom", " and equality, "and so on. He believes that the concept of "natural right" is utterly meaningless and the Declaration of Human Rights is a portion of meaningless and false notions.
According to Bentham, any legislative efforts aimed at creating equality in social status are in vain. He mentioned the theory of social security. He means by "security" as maintaining the status of the current distribution of wealth and property. Security is an indicator that distinguishes civilized society from lawlessness wild populations, and this principle is fundamental to provide happiness. The importance of this principle in Bentham’s thought is so strong that he thinks we cannot abolish the slavery except we pay full compensation to slave owners.
Thus, Bentham strongly opposed to the egalitarian system. According to him, basically the equal distribution of wealth is impossible and even if such a situation occurs, it will not last and inevitably it will have inequality in itself.
Inequality is the natural condition of human. The subordination is the natural state of human. This is a situation where a person is born. It was the same and it always will be the same too ... absolute equality is absolutely impossible. Absolute freedom is direct enmity in any government.
Such rules can only be called looting and plundering on a grand scale.
Bentham's theories on political thought of British elites, especially in the Victorian era had a great influence to the extent that Mary Peter Mac, the author of his biography, describes Bentham as the "theology of England in Victorian era" and Albert Van DC calls the years from 1825 to 1870 as the "age of individualism."
In such a situation, the abolition of slavery was appointed in the English colonies on August 30, 1833 by parliament. This is while working in the colonies of the West India faced a deep crisis and they were not considered a profitable branch of the British economy and they needed restructuring. Frank Bright writes: "The economic crisis of UK hit the credit owners heavily." For restoring their former prosperity, great efforts were needed. Plant operating under the guise of demagogic economic restructuring abolish slavery.
Note that the reforms of Earl Gray had an English procedure and the colonial way of British government was still rough. For instance, soon after the adoption of the "Charter of reforms" the same government passed a law in the British Parliament to suppress the independent movement in Ireland (15 February 1833) that is called "the Charter of violence". Frank Bright writes the rapid increase in Treasury revenues of Ireland after the adoption of the law shows that the rich of this land were pleased from the "authoritarian measures."
After Gary, Sir Robert Peel, from the net party, became the Prime Minister (1834 -1835). In this state, our two familiar faces are present: Wellington is the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Harris is the Minister of War. (This loan is 15 million pounds as Professor Davis has said and 20 million pounds as Virginia Kavls has mentioned.
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