Jews and financial structure of the new Europe (2)

The nineteenth century date of the exchange / Jewish bankers started with Rothschild in Frankfurt. At this time, Frankfurt, due to the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, was considered as the financial heart of Europe. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the noble family became a symbol of the banking and contemporary Judaism.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, except the Rothschilds, the Jewish dealers in Germany were Blyshrvdr Joseph Mendelssohn and Samuel.
Joseph Mendelson opened his currency exchange in Berlin opened in 1795 and in 1804 became a partner with his brother Abraham Mendelssohn. They made ready the needed credibility of several foreign governments, including Russia, to develop their industry.
Samuel Blyshrvdr, who was the partner and agent of the Rothschilds in Berlin, began his career in 1803. His son, named Bliashroeder, was selected as the confidant of Bismarck and as a representative of the German chancellor and was responsible for financing the war in 1866 (against Austria) as well as the transfer of war damage in 1871 France. Blyshrvdr Bank had loans to foreign governments. After the death of Gerson Blyshrvdr In 1893, Paul Schwabach, his partner, continued his work.
Brothers of Warburg (founder, Marcus and Gerson) in 1798 opened the Institute in Hamburg. Their main work was overseas trade and financial transactions with Great Britain and the United States of America. Paul Warburg, brother of Max Warburg the Bank manager of Hamburg before the First World War, opened a branch of the bank in New York.
In the late eighteenth century, Spear, who through its Institute provided logistics and military needs for princes in Germany, also worked to exchange. He has about 420 thousand florins; he was the largest single investment of the Jews of his time in Frankfurt. In 1809, Ellison opened his bank. The bank in 1818, after sharing with family spear, renamed "the bank Aspyr- Ellison" and in 1838 "Ellison Aspyr- Lazard bank". Branch of the bank in the United States of America, called "Philip Speer and Partners" of North America during the Civil War was the government's financial creditors. The bank was involved in the construction of railroads in America and transactions with Mexico and Cuba; sometimes it was involved in partnership with "Deutsche Bank" Germany. In 1929 Speer united with institute "Shlzyngr- Terrier" and founded the institution "Lazard Speer, Ellison".
In 1789, Solomon Oppenheim exchange became the most important financial institution in Bon Badal. Oppenheim in Cologne was established at the beginning of the nineteenth century. His son, Behnam Abraham Oppenheim, who was one of the most influential bankers of the Rhine region, provided the credits of insurance organizations, railways, and industrial investment.
German Jewish bankers played an important role in the establishment of joint stock banks. Ludwig Bamberger and Herman Marcuse were of the founders of the "Deutsche Bank" (1870) who had an active role in financing foreign trade of Germany. "Disconet Vegzelshaft Bank” that was created in 1851 by David Hanzman, had several partners that were Jewish. This bank in 1929, in "Deutsche Bank" was merged. Ogen Guttmann was the main founder of the "Dresdner Bank", Abraham Oppenheim was the co-founder of the “Handel ond Indestry " bank, this bank in 1853 was renamed to " Darmesteter bank ". Main face and the leader of the "Berliner Hndlznet vegzelshaft bank” was Karl Fürshtenberg. Richard wheyting, the Brother of Maximilian Ha, was one of the directors of "National Bank of Germany". In 1921 this bank and " Darmesteter bank ", chaired by Jacob Gldashmyt, merged and Gldashmyt took the new chairman. In 1932, two other important German banks, "Deutsche Bank" and "Dresdner Bank" respectively, were governed by two Jews, Escar Vaserman and Herbert Guttmann.
In the second half of the eighteenth century of London, “Jewish money” was one of the main centers and some usurious such as Goldasmyt brothers were considered as main source of supplying the liquidity in England. Goldsmith family in the nineteenth and twentieth century changed to the main partner of the Rothschilds and one of the pillars of contemporary of the Oligarchy world. Regardless of the English branch of the Rothschild families and Goldsmith, and Jewish traders settled in London, from the past, other important Jewish money changers / bankers in the Empire Great Britain are:
In the nineteenth century, in 1831 Sir David Salomonz founded the “Bank of London and Westminster ". In 1832, “company David Sassoon & Partner “was formed in Mumbai. It was great throughout the east branch and to extensive financial transactions was achieved on a global scale. Joseph Hambru, Jewish plutocracy and businessman based in Denmark, and his son, Carl Hambru, settled in London and were established “Hambru Bank “(1832). Stern Gang Brothers (1833), Samuel Montague Emil Erlanger (1859), Speer brothers, (1853), the Solomon brothers, “Jaft and partners “of institutions that was founded in London in this period. Many of these came from Frankfurt to the London. “Spear bank” paid loan to Greece government, Bulgaria, Hungary and some Latin American governments. Sir Ernest Cassel, Sometimes in partnership with Sir Corel Meyer, founded the Bank in Egypt and Ottoman. Industrial banks that established by Sir Mouses Mont Fiore and " American English Corporation of South Africa " in the mining diamonds and financial affairs collaborated with " Dankelzboher company Buhler" that was established by Sir Ernest Oppenheimer. In the South Africa, Hamilton Erlich and Tork established “Public Corporation for exploration and mineral investment". “Barnatu brothers Company “was one of the main financial institutions in South Africa. In France, “Rothschild brother’s bank " was considered as the largest private financial institution. For example: in the years 1889-1901 the French debt to Russia was paid through "bank Rothschild".
Rothschild financial activities in France were faced with Jewish Fold and Prro family’s competition. Ashill Fold was a supporter of Napoleon III and became his finance minister. He and his brother Beny Fold had inherited “Fold Institute, Oppenheimer and partners “that had been established in Paris by their father. In 1822, Pierre brothers (Emil and Isaac) came from Marseille to Paris, and they had a huge investment in construction of the railway networks in France and Spain They did through Mobiliye banks (1852), provided credit for several investment projects of the French government, the activities of the Proo brothers and mobiliye kourdi life ended because hard fight of Rothschild in 1867. About the quarrel of folds and Proos with the Rothschilds we talked in the third volume.
The other major banks in France, was Paris bank, which was established in 1872 and Henry Bamberger, of the family Bamberger Germany, was its Manager. Baron Maurice Do Harish, groom of Raphael Janathan bishafz haym “Financial giants " of Brussels, had invested in construction of the railway network in France profitable. Other important Jewish bankers in France in the nineteenth century, includes Louis-Dreyfus and Lazard brothers.
In Belgium, in addition to scrambling of Rothschilds and Byshafz• haymha we should point out especially to brussels bank (1871). This was established bank by Jacques Aurora, Joseph Oppenheim and Isaac Shtern (residing in brussel ) and schulz bakh brothers ( residing in to Frankfurt ). Important Jewish private banks in Belgium in the nineteenth century includes: phillipson and partners lambert art Institute Lambert and kasel and partners.
In 1812, sir Isaac Dreyfus moved from Alsace to Switzerland and in the Ball city established his own financial firm. This Institute since 1849 was called “isaac Dreyfus sokhan". This institute was partnership in established two important banks of ball city “Hendelz balerz bank” and “baler bankorin bank ".
In Italy, Luigi lozati banking institution had wide activity in the agriculture field. In the establishment of “commercial Bank of Italy “and” Jews Kordito and Italiano “had the major role.
In the nineteenth century, Jewish traders’ activities continued in the Netherlands. In 1805, "institute of Lisa and con was established. Other important banking institution in this time in Netherlands "wertheimer and gompertz” which later was renamed “sosiate bank ". In 1859 "Institute of Lippmann, Rosenthal and partners" was established as a branch of “international bank of luxembourg ". This bank’s international activities were widespread and in particular they included provide loans to the Dutch government. Another bank of Dutch Jews in the nineteenth century is “the elzbakher bank” in Amsterdam which later was merged in the “Amsterdam Bank”. Bank of Benjamin Marx was established in 1869 and then was named “Marks & Partners” and was active until 1922. In the Nordic countries the situation was the same way:
In 1848, “Gutenberg bank” in Sweden by Jews people such as L. Magnes, Maurice Jacobson and Edward Magnas was established. The first president of "Credit Bank Scandinavia” was a Jew named Theodor Manhaymer, during 1893-1911, the head of “Stockholm Bank” was another Jew named Louis Frankel.
In 1870, a Jew named Levi Martin was Denmark minister of finance and in the years of 1873-1897 the president of the “Copenhagen henldz bank” was in his hand. One of the main financial figures of Denmark was Isaac Glokshtat from 1872 until his death (1910), “lendezmans bank “in Copenhagen was run. After his death, his son, Emil Glokshtat, took over the president of this bank. Marcus Rubin, also of 1913 until his death (1923), was the president of the "Danish Noten bank".
Regardless of the history of Jewish traders scrambling in North America the establishment of new Jewish banks in the United States of America of a round of the nineteenth century and with the migration a large number of Jews in Germany to America was soared. Some of these banks as branches of European banks were creation, such as “Phillip and Gustav Spiray” that branch of “spear” bank of Frankfurt. Some, such as August Belmont, has experienced financial activities in Europe and Some, such as Lehman Brothers began their financial activity in the United States of America. Other Jewish banks which in years 1840-1880 became major financial power of the United States of America, as follows: Kohen-lueb, Lazard brothers, Seleygman and partners, Goldman and Sakhez, Ladenberg, Talman and partners.
The social / economic of United States of America in the second half of the nineteenth century, severe economic activity in this country demanding a huge capital provided the necessary conditions for the growth of Jewish huge financial institutions. this institutions of two ways able to finance heavy demand of the times quickly respond and will become powerful institutions: first, through steadfast relationships with Europe, particularly with Germany and the United Kingdom and France; second, through a network of internal links that for them to provide up to double the amount of assets provides them every made. They committed to strengthening these links to internal marriages and thus a network of kinship ties making them more interdependent, and at the same time, leaving the family fortune. Prevent the outflow of wealth of the family. For example, the main lineage kinship actually Jewish banker in America (Cohen, Loeb, Schiff, and Warburg) to a cohesive unit and the integrated intensity was made. The Jewish Encyclopedia says:
The result of such trade ties and kinship was the emergence of a financial aristocracy and the German-Jewish business that base is located in New York City and difference between them is more than a century. Dominant role in the financial life, cultural and political Jewish community in America, and to a lesser extent in the whole of America, they run. The Jewish banking institutions in the process of capital formation in the United States of America, in the late nineteenth centuries and early twentieth century’s, by any criteria, had a substantial stake.
Some of them - such as the three institutions: Speer, Belmont and Slygmn- during the Civil War in America And after that, a huge amount of credit, for the federal government to provide them north. And after that, a huge amount of credit provide for the north federal government. On the other hand, Institute Erlanger, a substantial amount of credit provided to the south. Some other especially financial Integrated “Cohen – Loeb ", focused their investment, to the construction of the railway networks of United States of America. In the late nineteenth century, the Slygman Company alone was earned about ten million dollars net profit. in the early twentieth century, Jacob Schiff, a prominent Jewish leader in America and chairman of the powerful complex " Cohen - Loeb ", it was so powerful, that could in a short distance provided $ 200 million loan for the Japanese government. From 1890 to the present the performance of the oligarchs packaging and influential criticism in vain of people of United States of America has been the target. In the nineteenth century, in czarist Russia also dealers / Jewish bankers had a prominent role.
In 1803, German immigrant Jewish brothers called Nikolai Ludwig and Stiglitz Ludwig in St. Petersburg, established their financial institution. It quickly became one of the all-Russian Bank institutions. In 1912 they joined to" Christianity ". In 1860, a Jew that named Yozel Ginsberg established his own bank at St. Petersburg and then his son, Horace Ginsberg, continued his work. "Ginsberg banks” also established their subsidiaries in Kiev and Odessa.
In 1860 another Jew named Lazar Polyakov established his own bank in Moscow. He had a important role in establishing the “Moskoseki Zomlny” bank and other Russian banks. Polyakov and his two brothers, in the south of Russia have established their own financial institutions.
Influential Jews in Tsarist empire financial system do not limited to two powerful family of plutocracy, Ginsberg and Polyakov. In the years 1871-1893 Abram Zakwas was the boss of “Petersburg credit Bank ". Other major Jewish private banks in Russia in the early twentieth century include: Wahlberg in St. Petersburg and “Printing and Sanshyn “institutions in Odessa.
In East Europe, especially in Poland, the Jewish plutocracy had the major role in guiding the exchange institutions / bank and was considered as the most important private bankers.
Thus, "Jewish usury" of the eleventh and twelfth centuries AD, at the end of the nineteenth century changed to the vast that complex network of economic vital arteries of the West were in their hands and were intertwined parts of it everywhere from Asia to South America.