Jews and the new financial structure of Europe (1)

Jewish oligarchs associated with governors of Central Europe the third century hijri / the ninth AD and returns the beginning of the establishment of the “Holy Roman Empire “. We have spoken about Isaac, a Jewish businessman about Charlemagne, his mission at the court of Harun al-Rashid and the commercial network relationship between the Jews of Mesopotamia with Europe's governors last time.
“Holy Roman Empire " in year 4800 AD by Charlemagne, King of the Franks, was founded and by the time he's an important part of Europe, almost all of the continents except the Iberian Peninsula and the island of England and the south of Italy, would encompass. After the death of Charlemagne in year (814 AD) His empire collapsed However, it remnants of their available until 1806 and reign among multiple family's changed hands. in 1438 the Habsburg Empire took the presidency. Jewish Encyclopedia writes: " In the tenth and eleventh centuries AD ... the importance of Jews as international traders, and gradually was known as local businessmen, [in Europe].
In 1084, the bishop of Speyer (West Germany), the decree allowing the Jews Immigration issued so, according to the contents of his command, the honor of the city's thousand times more. He allowed Jews to completely free trade and internal independence granted the Jewish community.
In 1090, six years before the First Crusade, Henry IV, Emperor of the "Holy Roman (1056-1106), in order to Jews stationed in the cities of Speyer (West Germany) wide concessions granted on trade and internal independence. Special privileges were given to the Jews to stay in the city: the right to travel freely throughout the territory of Emperor, trade without paying any customs duties, the opening a currency exchange and exchange money (usury), recruitment of nurses and attendant’s Christian woman, and purchase of immovable property in the city and the village. In disputes between Jews and Christians under Sharia judge on each side he would verdict and Jewish could to bring Jewish witnesses at his court disputes among Jews in their courts and their rules have been settled. Jews are run by political institutions and their bosses and only the kings subordinate. It is astounding concessions that were not even Christians. This decree in 1112 by Henry V, the next Emperor, was enshrined. At this time, the Jews of West Germany, especially in cities such as Speyer and Mainz were unique usurers of region.
These issues are highlighted in the Jewish historian and vice versa minor incidents, such as a group of people to attack Jews during the turmoil of the Crusades, what is a natural reaction to the financial and commercial activity of the Jews, outstanding up to the myth of "historical oppressed of Jews" still stand. Such conflicts between people and the Jews there; in this way the church was usually court of people, sometimes harsh, the Jews supported. The basic strength of the Jewish communities in the eleventh century, usury widely spread in Central Europe. Jews carrier wave and transplant it with the Jews that in European culture, the word "Jewish" is synonymous with "usurer". In Jewish new historiography to explain the phenomenon of Jewish usury in Europe takes a lot of effort. Historians Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the drafters Encyclopedia Jewish claim that employment Jews settled in central Europe to "usury" to economic and social reasons. . Jews in this area, unlike the Jews settled in the southern ports of Europe, it had no commercial activity. “Professions “totally Christian European organizations and so the Jews could not turn to industry. The purchase of land and labor in agriculture required to be closed. Therefore, only profession may trade for their money (a currency exchange) this reasoning is based on the assumption fundamental principles that the Jews were the indigenous people of Central Europe and not in another land. We have seen that it is not. The first Jews in Germany known by the name of the merchant Isaac, translator court of people Charlemagne, the city of Aachen lived. The small Jewish communities in Germany in the ninth and tenth centuries AD, Baghdad and Andalusia were established by the Jewish oligarchs and a global network of business and financial databases Jews were established. They were also deployed in the southern ports of Italy. Jewish usury phenomenon, as we have seen, is very old and deep. A new phase of Jewish usury and turn it into a global financial network with the creation of the center of Baghdad began. And later other branches were established in Central Europe. However, the economic life of Jews in Germany, if indeed it was difficult, the road was not closed to them; they could migrate elsewhere.
In the second half of the eleventh century, the Crusades began and this is a good market for expansion and intensification of Jewish usury in Central Europe. “Knights of Christ “equipped the army and the military campaign to the East needed liquidity. In examining the Crusader invasion of the Muslim Andalusia as well as in the story of the invasion of overseas oligarchs Spain and Portugal with the decisive role of financial investment Jewish oligarchs met documented. The eleventh and twelfth centuries, Europe was the same process: Jews liquidity requirements "knights" Provides, or accessible to you in the sight of Jews settled in the East to their "credit" them. Them in exchange for this "investment" or a share of property were looted or after the operation of their money with huge advantage would get. East looters were not difficult to pay this ribh. Gains looting were so great that both the investment and "profit" of Jews paid and a rich treasury for "Knights of Christ" provide construction. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, from the twelfth century to the sixteenth century settled Jews in Christian Europe was the main source of income is usury. Financial investment of Jewish in the Crusades was reflected in Jewish jurisprudence. Rabbi like Jacob ebne mahir tam the jurisprudence justification for "usury in connection with the infidels" began. Davod kamhi noorboni, (18) prominent Jewish Rabbi, the late twelfth century and early thirteenth century, was said : Jews do not do steal and rob property of others but the advantage that with " agreement between all Both sides " Taken from a non-Jew is allowed. "Davod Kammi" pretending this grace from Jews to non-Jews and adds: " If infidels merciful with Jewish, Jewish should be kind and good deeds mutually with them. " this evolution is in the background of the banking system of the West. Oldest Barat Christian era in European archives available, of a Jew named Simon Rubin belongs to the 1207 AD. Since then, several bills of exchange, Jewish-owned Burgos (Castile) and Florence (Italy), etc., is available. While issuing first bills of exchange of Christians, is only started from recently century. The new international credit system in Europe only in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Venice and was the seventeenth century in Amsterdam that it was two main focus activity of Jews. Based on this new type of financial contribution / business in the seventeenth century "Dutch East India Company" as a "corporation" great and universal, and with the important investment Jews / marranos, was created. Without any doubt, Jews are the founders of the new system of financial and credit of the west.
In Christianity, like Islam, usury is forbidden. Thus, we had the expansion of usury in Christian Europe during the eleventh And twelfth centuries. It should begin the process of "secularization" means the separation of "governance" and "politics" Christian religious orders, count: although this concept much later in the late sixteenth century, was created. Doctor Abdulhadi Haeri has described this process as follows:
Profit and business professionals in Antwerp London and Amsterdam were believed that capital, credit, banking, major transactions, the financial spread and other issues was in connection with commercial life is conserved hard. Just the same way that bourgeoisie of Europe Christianity separated itself from previous orders; orders that conflict in speculation except in the context of the need for life considered deserves blame and speculators as the parasites of society, a source of shame knew and calls usurious thieves. this of course did not mean that Europe without Christianity is entirely cut off; Christians form their colonies on the basis of utilitarianism and business links to practices different cover religious and gave to it legitimacy and planed training in the framework . In the sixth century AH / twelfth century AD, a group of Jews went to the British island and were deployed mainly in Lincoln. A few also in other cities in the UK (London and Oxford and Bristol and Cambridge, etc.) were scattered. Lincoln quickly became the center of British money and usury. The largest Jewish usurer in this time in England is Aaron Lincoln (1123-1186). That the financial operations across the UK and had come to Scotland. Aaron customers were the bishops, lords and English barons and even the King of Scotland. In the thirteenth century, Jewish financial activity as developed in Europe so that since 1230 has provoked strong opposition of the church and created a wave of anti-usury. In 1231, King of Sicily during the command maximum allowed of advantage Jewish usurers announced ten percent. In 1239 Louis IX, King of France, during the command forbade usury in its territory. In 1244 King Austria also issued orders and limited for Advantage ceiling Jews were allowed. King Aragon and the rulers of Italy that were more connected with Jews, stated maximum permitted is 20 Percent; but in practice Advantage customary are 33 to 43% and sometimes much more.
In 1275, Edward I, King of England (1272-1307), imposed strict rules against usury and finally issued the Edict of Expulsion.
In 1290, government armed forces attacked the city of Lincoln and Jews were expelled from England. Jewish Encyclopedia, in the "England" article the number of deportees to 4,000 noted, that is exaggerated. in the "Lincoln" article, in the same source, the number of Jewish families who their possessions are confiscated, according to official records mentioned only 66 families. If we accept that Lincoln was the most important centers of Jewish settlement in Britain, big difference between these figures is not reasonable.
In 1306 Philip IV, King of France, also expelled the Jews from the country. In 1315, Louis tenth, issued a decree again let during Jews return to France. However, usurious Jews provoked such a public outcry that "Philip deraz" next king of France, was forced to expel them again in 1322. This wave was so strong that even Alfonso XIII, king of Castile and Leon, Which his court it was usurious Association, he was forced under pressure Pop in 1348, during a decree forbids usury. This command a little later in (1351) was canceled. This battle was inconclusive. In later centuries "Jewish money", means financial operations based on usury, to financial system dominated by the west and finally became worldwide. This ruler of Europe effort was not honest and the failure of this wave is the same. Kings and local rulers Europe Jews Usurious rich source knew for their revenue and open or hidden was square to it. In the words of one of the rulers of Germany, Jews were “Treasury King ". Innocent III, the most powerful Pop history of Christianity (1198-1216), in one of his private letters from the rulers of Europe has said: they not shame of usury, called Jews to their cities and return them to their usury broker. However, in thirteenth century, Jewish used methods of conventional financial transactions in Europe. We know that in the first half of the fourteenth century Jews, 61 thousand Florin of Gold to Edward III, King of England, given loan. Abrabanel Isaac , a large Jewish thinkers and the leader of the Jewish immigrants in Spain, that man who provided the cost of battle Granada was the main directors of Christopher Columbus travel is the first thinker an explicit defense of the usury up, and theoretical justification and its religious foundations of that put among Christians . He is probably the first person who did this. Barbanl wrote a treatise in 1496 which was printed in 1551. And defense of the based on advantage transactions. He wrote: there is nothing reprehensible in advantage. It is certainly true that people of money, get their grain and wine why farmer buys seed with loans that with it plant to his farm, ten percent advantage it must pay for? This financial transaction is canonical and accurate. "loan without advantage must payments only to the Same religion our special thanks to those who have them. " correctly when Barbanl thesis wrote, probably a descendant of Joseph Finance Minister Alfonso VI, in the discussion session in the palace of the Duke of Ferrara, the rulers of Italy, , was formed to study the question advantage was present. Frazil in audiences has defended of advantage. His defense included of one argument "rational" and is a justification of "rational". His points to extends society and the creation of "nature" and "new order" that the "plot" to lend without advantage the end point is established. His rationalization according to the statements of the Old Testament of the Canaanites received 5 percent advantage. In 1588 David pumice, Jewish doctor, a book was published in Latin language in the history of the former Jewish doctors. In this book also issues in the field “get the advantage of the infidels " has been raised. He writes: if take Jewish advantage of the Christian this means that performance is not illegal. This transaction is the result of an agreement that is done by mutual consent he adds: under the new rabbis ruling such exchanges among Jews is allowed. This is at a time when before John Calvin (1509-1564), founder of Calvinism, monetary exchange based on usury was permitted. This change important role in the formation of foundations of the new capitalist economy played in the West. In the first half of the sixteenth century, in Italy, central Christian Europe and the main focus of papal authority, the Jewish in 500 Exchange establishment. By moving the main focus of Jewish oligarchs gradually, this figure fell to Amsterdam. In the second half of the sixteenth century, their number increased to 280 Currency exchange of which about 60-70 exchanges was based in Rome. On the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Jewish money changers in Europe, because Mendes and Taksyra and Lopez and Gideon families, and the expansion of Jewish usury network in Poland and East Europe talked more at this time.
In the late seventeenth century see the establishment of a wide network and very strong of “Jewish currency exchange “in the land of Germany and Central Europe. Lefman bahranz (Bhrns) in Hanover, Behrand Lehman in Dresden and Halber shetat,Bandiks goldashmit in Hamburg, Aron (Haron) Bir in Frankfurt,Samoel Openhaymr and Samson Vertimer in Vienna is huge money changers In that time. Later on, baron Diego Aguilar and were created important families as: Arneshtin and Skelas. In the early of eighteenth century Joseph Oppenheimer (known as "Sos Jod"), was "The financial giant" in Germany.