Jews and new World's Economic Geography 2

The other main centers of migrated Jews were Spain, Portugal, and Ottoman. At the end of 15th century and beginning of 16th century, Jews founded their focused and closed communities in important cities of Ottoman Empire as following: Baghdad, Istanbul, Salonika ports, Adrianople (Edirne) and Izmir and Jews have been stayed in Cairo, Damascus, and other Ottoman cities too.
Among all of them Salonika port was the most important one and from 17th century to 19th century it became as one of the important Jews' economic, cultural, and political centers and similarly a major trading way to Europe. Based on Jewish encyclopedia Maranoes were the majority of Salonika port and their numbers were more than non-Jewish people. Jewish encyclopedia wrote clearly that numbers of Maranoes were more than any other Jewish people.
As it was said before in Jewish sources Maranaoes were considered as a branch of Judea therefore it not known as a non-Jewish sect. in 17th and 18th centuries Salonika became as a base for mysterious sects like: Donmeh and Frankist and in 1th century turned to an active place for Freemasonry which consequently had an important role for collapsing Ottoman government.
Salonika is the center of birth and activation of "Turkish Youngsters" and birthplace and homeland of Mustafa Kamal Pasha (Atatürk). Many of Jews in Ottoman Empire were occupied in importing wool, production and exporting clothes some of them were occupied in exporting skins and leathers to Europe and some Jews were in exporting stones and precious irons.
Rich Jews were money changers and the richest ones were exchangers for local rulers. In 1662 Sir Thomas Row, representatives of English court, entered in Constantinople (Istanbul). Most of Iran and Ottoman trades were done by Jews and minority of Turkish people were in business. It was estimated that half of trades between England and Turkey were done by Jews. English businessmen complained from Jews to Thomas Row. Jews were violating their oral contracts and no Jews did not like to testify against another one. Thus, Sir Thomas Row ordered to write all of contracts by English businessmen. Most of them are existing now.
Since Bayazid the first attention of new Ottoman government was paid to Europe. It was Bayazid who finished the war against Christian armies in east and he defeated them in Nicopolis (Edge of Danube). In that story, thousands of knights were killed. The Christian wars in Nicopolis by all of its results, it was a corner stone between Europe and Islam relations. Dr. Stanford Shaw wrote that: the victory of Ottoman on Christians in Nicopolis terrified Europeans while in Islamic countries caused Ottoman became famous which Bayazid became Sultan or an Islamic ruler.
That was the reason why thousands of Muslims entered in Anatolia to serve for Bayazid. After this magnificent victory, Bayazid came back to Edirne to decide about his next step. A determining decision about progression in Europe countries and ending the war. Europe was between death and life and used all of its tricks to mislead Bayazid by his consolers about his anti-Christian policies meanwhile "chance" or "conspiracy" helped Europeans. Amir Timor Gorkani who had attacked on Russia and India suddenly he attacked to west and fought against Ottoman armies. Finally, he attacked to Asia Minor and in a difficult was Sultan Bayazid the first, his sons and his family were captivated disgracefully.
It was said that Timor Gorkani carried Bayazid in an iron cage and he was chained at nights. Bayazid died in 9th of March 1403 while he was a prisoner and his death was so horrible. In this way Timor became a hero who was son of the Shepard in European literature. In 1588 Christopher Marlo writer of the famous scenario "Dr. Faustus" wrote about the great Timor which was published two years later who became victor and famous by his genius.
According to an Iranian historian "It can be understand that scare and hatred of European people was not about Islam" Marlo without considering Timor's religion claimed burned Turkish Quran and other written superstitious in the place of Muhammad which were found by Bayazid. Bayazid and his wife left Islam and when Timor entered in Persepolis some of Asian kings were carrying his carriage.
European kindness to Timor was determining. European rulers were so worried about Bayazid's invasion and at this time they found Timor. Gey Lastrange famous east scholar wrote at the introduction of Klavicho's itinerary: when Timor entered in 1400 A.D in Georgia all of his progressions were observed by European countries so carefully. Then he added: getting closer the danger finally awakened Europe".
The mission of Gonzales Kellavico was, soecial servant and the chief of formality of Henry the third and Castil the King, as mentioned goal. Henry the third was famous because of his anti-Muslim policies inside and outside of Iberia peninsula and his wars against Granada's government. He was uncle of Henry the navigator a Portuguese prince, ancestor of Isabel, the queen of Castil. In spite of Timor's favorite to Christians of Europe threads of Ottomans have not been finished yet and once again some wars were happened by Sultan Muhammad the second and he was known as Sultan Muhammad the Victor too and the grandson of Bayazid.
According to Stanford Shaw: after conquering Constantinople (1453 A.D) Muslims of around the world emphasized Muhammad for Jihad against Christians. Muhammad eventually knew himself not as the heir of Eastern Rome but as the place of ruling on a global empire too. Invasion of Ottoman to Europe was a reaction to invasion of Christians. At this time we saw many activities by European rulers in Iran and at the court of new government of Aq quonolos family.
It wasn't by chance that this Turkish government became ally of Christian Europeans and hostile of Ottoman and again it wasn't by the chance Greek empire of Trabzon was close friend of Aqqunolos which ambassadors of Venice stayed in the court of Hassan Aq qunolos permanently and governors of Hungry, Polish, Italian Marco Russo, ambassadors of Ivan the third king of Russia were going there and Ozon Hassan married with a Greek princess and finally Aq qounolos became a member of anti-Ottaman ally and he had a good relationship with pope and Venetians, Naples, Hungarians and Cyprus rulers these changes were important and determining and shows political and informatics hard efforts. In these efforts naturally Eligareshi Jews in Europe because of their familiarity and close ties with both of Islamic and Christian cultures were considered as the most suitable agents.
Thus, phenomenon of "Isaac Beig" shouldn't be known as a strange event. In Henry the forth age brother of Isabel, Castil the king and Leon we saw a mysterios activities by a Spanish Jew in Iran. His biography doesn't exist in Jewish encyclopedia and we know that he resided in Iranian court. He pretended that he believes in Islam and he was known as "Isaac Beig" however, in Venetian documents he was known as "Jew". Isaac became a close friend of Ozon who was the king in July 1472, two years before coronation of Isabel Castili, he sent him as his ambassador to European court. There is a letter from Ozon Hassan to Moldavian rulers which Isaac was being introduced as following:
"Know that Isaac sent as my convoy for the great majesty of European rulers. Isaac know our secrets very well therefore, trust him as same as you do to me and his words are our words." When Jews immigrated from Spain and Portugal, Sultan Bayazid the second was the king of Ottoman government. Bayazid like Sultan Fas was impressed by legends of Jews about cruel Christian kings of Spain and allowed them to stay in his country.
Based on one of the contemporary writers "Sultan sent convoys to his under control lands and declared that no governors cannot exile Jews from their cities but they should welcome Jews properly" rich and powerful Jews in Constantinople and Baghdad had an important role to attract Bayazid's attention to this immigration. At this time a Jew who was Mosa Ibn Elia Kapsali had an important position in Bayazid's court. He was a Jew from Kurt (Italy) which after adding this Island to Ottoman realm he became the most important rabbi of Ottoman Empire and he was chairman of Jewish society in Constantinople until his death.
By these supports immigrated Jews gained important positions in Ottoman society this penetration was as much as one of Jew from Granada "Yousef Hammon" became special doctor of vourt and he had been in this position for 25 years and he he was close firend of Salim. After Hammon death his son Mosa Hammon took his place. In Salim's court who became the jing after his father Sultan Salim the first, Jews could penetrate in royal court. For example one of the member of important Jewish family Castro who was Abraham Castro was chosen as minister of treasury in Egypt.
In the second half of 16th century Jews' presence was quite noticeable in Ottoman court the most famous them was Yousef Nassi. Yousef Nassi was born in a Morano's family in Portugal his father was Samuel Nassi, the name of "Nassi" shows he was an Enligareshian Jew and his family belonged to "David Princess". He changed his religion and became a Christian and chose his name as Augustino Micas. His sister Gracia Nassi, wife of Francisco Mendes the trader of spices and precious stones in Lisbon and Antrop ports. Yousef Nassi who was Joah Micas went to Antrop port with his aunt and Gracia and started to work in financial and exchange foundation of Diego Mendes.
Sister of Gracia was wife of Diego Mendes and daughter of Gracia and Francisco married with Yousef Nassi. In Antorap, Gracia became famous among royal communities and rich people of South of Europe when Diego Mendes died management of this foundation was for Gracia and she resided in Italy then Yousef Nassi became the manager.
At this age Yousef had relations with Carl the fifth the emperor of holy Rome and the next emperor Maximilian and had relations with the prince of Holland too. He moved to France in 1547 and he was attended by François the first and French king. In 1553 Gracia went to Ottoman and lived there until she died. She was attended by Sultan Suleiman the king of Ottoman in Constantinople and brought his nephew to Ottoman's court. Garcia was an intriguing and active woman. Jewish encyclopedia called her as the most highlighted Jewish woman from falling Jewish government up to now. In 1554 Yousef Nassi joined to her aunt in Constantinople and became her assistant about financial and political activities then went to the court of Suleiman and reached to financial advisor of Sultan. He helped to Salim in order to become a king not his brother Bayazid and Nassi became one of the close friends of Salim.
The close ties with salim provided so much power for Nassi. Jewish encyclopedia wrote that Yousef Nassi because his knowledge about Christian Europe and network agencies who were in whole of Europe had much effects on foreign policies of Ottoman's government. Salim gave the monopoly of wine to him which had 15000 golden coins revenue. He had other revenue too he gathered wealth who became the most powerful and richest Jew in his time. In fact, Yousef Nassi was "David the King" in his time and his power was observable among other Jews and Jewish history.
Salim the second was described as a king who was lazy, indolent, and dissolute and drawn in his pleasure and his only talent was poetry and finally he died because of vinosity. According to Stanford Shaw: since Salim age penetration of women in his court was so effective and the age of "women's kingdom" started and endured for one century undoubtedly Garcia Nassi in this court had so much penetration.
Penetration of Yousef Nassi in Salim's court was so deep and he was the leader of "Militant party" as Jewish encyclopedia interpreted. Lord Kin Russ knows reason of Ottoman's attack to Venice, this "Sink Creek" agitations and he added that Salim accepted propose of Nassi and Sultan hugged Nassi in a party and promised that if he wins the war he will nominated Nassi for governorship in important island of Nacsoos and 12 other islands and it was happened and he was became the Duke of Nacsoos. He sent Francisco Cronell from ancestor of Abraham Seneor the rabbi of Jews in Castil in the time of Isabel to be supervisor of her properties in Nacsoos and he was supervised on the affair from his glorious palace near Constantinople after occupation of these islands Nassi encouraged Salim to seize Cyprus because there was famous for its Cotton and Sugar and pure wine productions. Although, Cyprus was occupied this was good for the power of Mohammad Sokooli, the prime minister of Ottoman who were called as the reformist leader of Salim's court. From now on Yousef Nassi there wasn't any more and after his death his wife Duchess of Nacsoos lived in Yousef's plalce and had his great properties. Chairmanship of Nassi the hreat libraray was for Yousef Ibn Isaac Ashqloon. Jeffry Vigo in Jewish biography related the reason of Nassi immigration, this sly man, from Portugal because of pursuit of Portuguese king.
In court of Murad the third, Don Suleiman Ben Yaesh was financial advisor of Sultan. At this time Mosa from Ben Venezit family was the special doctor of Siavash Pasha the prime minister of Ottoman Empire. Him and Nasim were chairmen of Ottoman's mint and had penetrations in Ottoman's government. Mosa Ben Venizet with David Pasi, Italian Paolo Maria and Baton English ambassador operated an unsuccessful conspiracy against Mitelien ruler. Ben Venezit was the member the member of pro party for Ottoman's policies in Spain and at the same time one of the member of peace talks between Spain and Ottoman too.
Based on Jewish encyclopedia, Mosa Ben Venizit by political reasons (naturally for spying and betrayed) was arrested and died in the prison. The penetration of Ben Venizit and Mendes in Ottoman court were continued while other branches of these families located in other important European cities the exchanging network of Francisco Mendes which was in Lisbon was widespread around Europe. In 17th century Manuel Ben Venizit was the leader of Jews in Izmir in early years of 16th century there was a huge change change happened in foreign policies of Ottoman's government and from Bayazid the second invasion of ottoman's government to Egypt and Mamalik has started, the only great Muslim navy in that age and the main obstacle for Portuguese army to reach Indian ocean. Mamalik was a Muslim country where was under attack of Portuguese army was occupied by Salim the first and at this time Salim was responsible for 40000 massacres of Shias in Ottoman and the war of Chaldoran was happened. These events created inappropriate relations between Iran and Ottoman Empire which wasted the great amount of their power and always western countries caused many encounters between these two Islamic powers and provided good situations for European countries to use from this contradiction.
Finally, at the early years of 20th century these two powers collapsed. These events with of its determining consequences on Islam all of these caused by Spanish and Portuguese immigrated Jews to Ottoman especially in Salim time.
Russian historian said that Sultan Salim the first changed the foreign policies of Ottoman. Turkey in 15th century wanted to seize all of the governments of Balkan, Hungry, Venice and the European countries. Sultan Salim the first had a plan to conquer short Asia and fight against Iran and it was their slogan to defent Sunni from Shia as the righteous religion. First of all, he killed 40000 Shias in short Asia who were listed bt spies before the attack and fought against Safavid government.
Turkish armies had many cannons but Qezelbash army didn't Qezelbash army was defeated in Chaldoran and Sultan occupied Tabriz but Yeni Cheri people resisted and Sultan couldn't enjoy from his victory because Yeni Cheri were Shias.
Historians of Hebrew university in Jerusalem wrote that immigrated Jews helped to Ottoman's government about military and among Jews were experts of forgery and gun powder makers which were used by Ottoman's army. Elia Kapsali, Jewish rabbi, wrote an article about history of Ottoman government. He said that: God by Jews helped Turkish army and it could fight against the greatest kings and Jews taught to Turkish army about destructive weapons and they became stronger in the world.