Industrial revolution in Europe

The Industrial Revolution and its role in the emergence of new political ideas
Before discussing the Industrial Revolution and its role in social transformation we must understand that what purpose of the "Industrial Revolution" is. Industrial Revolution means turning tools and equipment into machine force. Generally from the beginning of history until the beginning of the nineteenth century all issues of the world were done with hand tools. The invention of the steam engine created a huge transformation in the world. Around 1702 AD, Thomas Newcoman built the first steam engine that was used for the keeping pump in the bottom of coal mines. It required plenty of fuel, and hence they used it only in coal mines. In 1763 an engineer from the University of Glasgow in the name of James Watt began to complete the steam engine of Newcoman. He had a partner called Mathieu Bolton. Together, they built steam engines which were welcomed in the UK and outside the country.
At the beginning, because the construction of steam machines were huge and heavy, they were used only at rest (stable position). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, steam engines were built which were used to mobilize river boats. Later, the machines were used in the locomotive. The first satisfactory locomotive was made by George Stevenson that traveled about thirty kilometers per hour in 1829 between Manchester and Liverpool with amazing speed.
The early stages of the Industrial Revolution began with the use of steam machines' power in the textile factories; the factories were cotton-spinning factories. For cotton-spinning and making cotton cloth was a whole new industry in Europe.
England was the first country that used the new machines and added the number of factories. England experienced little damages during the Napoleonic Wars so it was primarily ahead of other European countries in terms of production. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the number of factories in some British cities were increased and the population of the cities increased as well. Manchester was the most important one of all the cities that had a population of about twenty-five thousand people in 1772, but in 1851 its population was 455,000 people.
Centers of community of new cities were muffled and dull locations, and the worst parts of the city were parts in where workers lived. Workers' homes were built quickly and every corner of it was dedicated to a family. All members of the family lived in one room and the women of the working class usually worked at the factory all day so family life was in a terrible condition. Robert Roswell Palmer writes about the moral decadence of the era:
"One of the sheriffs of city is Glasgow Neust that there were major rental monuments in which thousands of children with no last name lived and according to the sheriff, they were usually called by pet names like animals ".
Many industrial centers were created in other cities like Birmingham, Leeds and Sheffield in the UK. But the situation of workers in the cities was also very tragic. The salary that factories paid at the time was very low, so that the male worker could not earn a living for his wife and children. So women and children in the family also often worked in factories.
Owners of factories preferred women and children who were paid less.
Working hours in the factories were long; something about fourteen hours. Salaries decreased every day by migration of many villagers to cities.
Unemployment was more calamitous disaster. By increasing the number of volunteers to work, some workers were unemployed every day. Every day that the worker was unemployed the next day he and his family were hungry.
Workers, who worked in the factory such as miners, had no organization for defending their rights. Usually, each worker had to negotiate with their employer. Employers often tried to save their money to expand their factory and they paid little money to the workers who worked for him.
England's workers were not the only ones who were so deplorable. Workers in Berlin, Paris and other major cities of Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century were in the same condition. This does not mean that workers were better off before that date and living conditions were better for them in the past. Low wages, long hours and endless suffering of the poor was a relic of the past. Cities that were location of building factories were in some ways better for living than rural dwellers that the workers lived in them formerly. Textile mills were not worse than domestic workshops in where they previously worked in many ways. The concentration of workers in urban areas was actually the start to improve their living conditions. Their gathering in cities caused increase of their knowledge for the world and the world people. They gradually felt that all suffer from poverty. So they realized that they needed to come together and find a way to get rid of all that pain and misery.
The second half of the nineteenth century was along with growth of industrial capitalism.
Industrial capitalism as we read before, always acted in the broader areas than non-industrial capitalism. Acting in broader areas with more assets was more useful and effective than limited and small works; big companies and factories gradually took all industries under their control and dominance.
Capitalist was continually in search of greater profits. There was a competition between capitalists that made moral issues nonsense. Investors often spoke of religion which was for gaining more benefits.
Usually in Marxist literature capitalists and factory owners are introduced instinctively cruel people. While in principle it is not true. The economic system based on capitalism makes capitalist brutal and indifferent and cynical. Even many capitalist have good heart, but economic system puts the money that was nothing but the result of the labor of workers into capitalists' pockets.
Workers' life in nineteenth century was so painful that even some factory owners came to defend the poor. One of these was a man named Robert Peel, who in 1802 ratified the first Factory law in Parliament by force. The purpose of drafting the law was creating better conditions for children who worked in factories, but the law was practically useless because the government did not have enough inspectors to visit the factories.
In such circumstances, the various schools such as socialism arose. Socialist principally refers to the groups of intellectuals who knew economic system of the time confused and cruel and all of them believed that the main factor of instability was putting all the power and decision-making about the determination of wages and hours of work in the hands of the rich people and the manufacturers.
One of the primary Socialists was called Robert Owen. Robert Owen (1771-1858) was the owner of the factory who had a generous heart and suffered the life of workers. He reduced working hours in his factory and started to build schools for children and house and the shops. He was the first one who used word "Socialism" and spent the rest of his life in the struggle for social reforms.
In France, there was a man named Comte de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) that expressed ideas for the welfare of the workers and therefore they know him as early French socialists. Saint-Simon was from a noble family that had participated in the war of independence America. He wrote many books about social issues and gained many followers that they are called followers of Saint-Simon.
The Group believed that the industrial machines and other types of capital should be under public ownership and oversighting on them shall be by experts and engineers. Another Socialist called Charles Fourier (1772-1837) raised additional ideas for social reforms. Charles Fourier did not pay much attention to practical aspects of his ideas and expressed opinions that resembled to utopia.
A French journalist named Louis Blanc is among the early socialists. He was the editor of "progress" magazine who proposed the formation of social factories in his paper so that in the factories were workers can work for themselves without the intervention of private investors.
As you can see, there were various forms of socialism from the beginning. However, general and acceptable comments about a variety of socialism was that the government should have supervision on the means of production and the lands, mines and factories and so on, as well as the means of distribution such as the railways as well as economic institutions such as banks, and does not allow a number of people to use the facility for their personal interests and exploit others through them.